tar
/tar/ · plural tarla
1. narrow, tight, cramped — Said of roads, doors and clothing (narrow, too tight) and of rooms or yards (cramped, with little free space).
- tar oramla — narrow streets
- tar üy — a cramped house
- tar kiyim — tight clothes
- tar jol bla bardıq — we went along a narrow road
- bu kölek menŋe tardı — this shirt is tight on me
- eşik bek tar edi — the door was very narrow
2. difficult, hard, oppressive — Said of times, circumstances or someone's position rather than of physical space.
- tar jaşaw — a hard life
- igi sözsüz duniya tardı — without a good word the world is hard
- süymeklik joq ese, jaşaw tardı — if there is no love, life is hard
- tar künlede boluşhandıla — they helped in hard days
- zaman bek tar edi — the times were very hard
- jaşaw menŋe tar boldu — life became hard for me
3. narrow pass, gorge
- awuşla, tarla qardan tolğandıla — the passes and gorges have filled with snow
- tarda qar jawa turadı — snow keeps falling in the gorge
- jolubuz tarğa kirdi — our road entered a gorge
- tar bek teren edi — the gorge was very deep
4. difficult situation, predicament, dead end — Used with case endings, as in tarğa tüşerge "get into a predicament" and tarğa tıyarğa "put someone in a difficult position".
- tarğa tüşerge — to get into a predicament
- tarğa tıyarğa — to put in a difficult position
- itni tarğa tıysaŋ, üsüŋe çabar — if you corner a dog, it will attack you
- bizni tarğa tıyadıla — they put us in a difficult position
5. narrowly, tightly — As in tar biçilgen könçek "trousers cut tight".
- tar biçilgen könçek — trousers cut tight
- tar qazılğan ilipin — a buttonhole cut narrow
6. close, high (of a vowel) — Said of a vowel pronounced without opening the mouth wide, as in tar açıqla "close vowels".
- tar açıqla — close vowels
Expressions
- tarğa tıyarğa — corner someone
- içi tar — envious, grudging
- tar qarında asırağan — mother who bore one
As an adjective
Degrees
| Degree | —form |
|---|---|
| base form | tarnarrow |
| comparative — more | tarıraqnarrower |
| intensifier — very | bek tarvery narrow |
| superlative — most | em tarthe narrowest |
Saying it about mine, yours, theirs
One thing
| Degree | menikimine | senikiyours | anıqıhis / hers | biznikiours | siznikiyours (pl.) | alanıqıtheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | meniki tardımine is narrow | seniki tardıyours is narrow | anıqı tardıhis is narrow | bizniki tardıours is narrow | sizniki tardıyours (pl.) is narrow | alanıqı tardıtheirs is narrow |
| comparative — more | meniki tarıraqdımine is narrower | seniki tarıraqdıyours is narrower | anıqı tarıraqdıhis is narrower | bizniki tarıraqdıours is narrower | sizniki tarıraqdıyours (pl.) is narrower | alanıqı tarıraqdıtheirs is narrower |
| intensifier — very | meniki bek tardımine is very narrow | seniki bek tardıyours is very narrow | anıqı bek tardıhis is very narrow | bizniki bek tardıours is very narrow | sizniki bek tardıyours (pl.) is very narrow | alanıqı bek tardıtheirs is very narrow |
| superlative — most | meniki em tardımine is the narrowest | seniki em tardıyours is the narrowest | anıqı em tardıhis is the narrowest | bizniki em tardıours is the narrowest | sizniki em tardıyours (pl.) is the narrowest | alanıqı em tardıtheirs is the narrowest |
Several things
| Degree | menikilemine | senikileyours | anıqılahis / hers | biznikileours | siznikileyours (pl.) | alanıqılatheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | menikile tardılamine are narrow | senikile tardılayours are narrow | anıqıla tardılahis are narrow | biznikile tardılaours are narrow | siznikile tardılayours (pl.) are narrow | alanıqıla tardılatheirs are narrow |
| comparative — more | menikile tarıraqdılamine are narrower | senikile tarıraqdılayours are narrower | anıqıla tarıraqdılahis are narrower | biznikile tarıraqdılaours are narrower | siznikile tarıraqdılayours (pl.) are narrower | alanıqıla tarıraqdılatheirs are narrower |
| intensifier — very | menikile bek tardılamine are very narrow | senikile bek tardılayours are very narrow | anıqıla bek tardılahis are very narrow | biznikile bek tardılaours are very narrow | siznikile bek tardılayours (pl.) are very narrow | alanıqıla bek tardılatheirs are very narrow |
| superlative — most | menikile em tardılamine are the narrowest | senikile em tardılayours are the narrowest | anıqıla em tardılahis are the narrowest | biznikile em tardılaours are the narrowest | siznikile em tardılayours (pl.) are the narrowest | alanıqıla em tardılatheirs are the narrowest |
Any thing takes the third-person ending, not only these: bu tardı, bıla tardıla. In texts biznikile is usually kesibiznikile, "our own people", and a surname with -nıqıla names a family: Dudalanıqıla, "the Dudas".
As a noun
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | tarthe narrow pass | tarımmy narrow pass | tarıŋyour narrow pass | tarıhis narrow pass | tarıbızour narrow pass | tarığızyou all's narrow pass | tarlarıtheir narrow passes |
| Genitive | tarnıthe narrow pass' | tarımımy narrow pass' | tarıŋıyour narrow pass' | tarınıhis narrow pass' | tarıbıznıour narrow pass' | tarığıznıyou all's narrow pass' | tarlarınıtheir narrow passes' |
| Accusative | tarnıthe narrow pass (as the object) | tarımımy narrow pass (as the object) | tarıŋıyour narrow pass (as the object) | tarınhis narrow pass (as the object) | tarıbıznıour narrow pass (as the object) | tarığıznıyou all's narrow pass (as the object) | tarlarıntheir narrow passes (as the object) |
| Dative | tarğato the narrow pass | tarımato my narrow pass | tarıŋato your narrow pass | tarınato his narrow pass | tarıbızğato our narrow pass | tarığızğato you all's narrow pass | tarlarınato their narrow passes |
| Locative | tardain / at the narrow pass | tarımdain / at my narrow pass | tarıŋdain / at your narrow pass | tarındain / at his narrow pass | tarıbızdain / at our narrow pass | tarığızdain / at you all's narrow pass | tarlarındain / at their narrow passes |
| Ablative | tardanfrom the narrow pass | tarımdanfrom my narrow pass | tarıŋdanfrom your narrow pass | tarındanfrom his narrow pass | tarıbızdanfrom our narrow pass | tarığızdanfrom you all's narrow pass | tarlarındanfrom their narrow passes |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | tarlathe narrow passes | tarlarımmy narrow passes | tarlarıŋyour narrow passes | tarlarıhis narrow passes | tarlarıbızour narrow passes | tarlarığızyou all's narrow passes | tarlarıtheir narrow passes |
| Genitive | tarlanıthe narrow passes' | tarlarımımy narrow passes' | tarlarıŋıyour narrow passes' | tarlarınıhis narrow passes' | tarlarıbıznıour narrow passes' | tarlarığıznıyou all's narrow passes' | tarlarınıtheir narrow passes' |
| Accusative | tarlanıthe narrow passes (as the object) | tarlarımımy narrow passes (as the object) | tarlarıŋıyour narrow passes (as the object) | tarlarınhis narrow passes (as the object) | tarlarıbıznıour narrow passes (as the object) | tarlarığıznıyou all's narrow passes (as the object) | tarlarıntheir narrow passes (as the object) |
| Dative | tarlağato the narrow passes | tarlarımato my narrow passes | tarlarıŋato your narrow passes | tarlarınato his narrow passes | tarlarıbızğato our narrow passes | tarlarığızğato you all's narrow passes | tarlarınato their narrow passes |
| Locative | tarladain / at the narrow passes | tarlarımdain / at my narrow passes | tarlarıŋdain / at your narrow passes | tarlarındain / at his narrow passes | tarlarıbızdain / at our narrow passes | tarlarığızdain / at you all's narrow passes | tarlarındain / at their narrow passes |
| Ablative | tarladanfrom the narrow passes | tarlarımdanfrom my narrow passes | tarlarıŋdanfrom your narrow passes | tarlarındanfrom his narrow passes | tarlarıbızdanfrom our narrow passes | tarlarığızdanfrom you all's narrow passes | tarlarındanfrom their narrow passes |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: tarları can mean "his / her narrow passes", "their narrow pass", or "their narrow passes" — context decides.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.