qul
/qul/ · plural qulla
1. slave, bondsman, serf — The opposite is biy. qul çibin is the worker bee.
- qul bolurğa — to become a slave
- qul eterge — to enslave
- qul özden bolmaz — a slave will not become a noble
- qulğa erkinlik joq — there is no freedom for a slave
- erkinlik tabhan qul quwandı — the slave who gained his freedom rejoiced
- qul jekgen stroy — slaveholding system
- qul kibik işleb küreşdile — they toiled, working like slaves
2. servant, lackey; a person ready to do whatever a superior says
- men sizni kertiçi quluğuzma — I am your faithful servant
- biyni qulu bolub turadı — he lives as the prince's lackey
Expressions
- Allahnı süygen qulu — upright person
- ataŋı qulumudu — what right have you
- biy bla qul ayırılğan — emancipation of the serfs
- qulu-qazağı bolurğa — obey unquestioningly
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qulthe slave | qulummy slave | quluŋyour slave | quluhis slave | qulubuzour slave | quluğuzyou all's slave | qullarıtheir slaves |
| Genitive | qulnuthe slave's | qulumumy slave's | quluŋuyour slave's | qulunuhis slave's | qulubuznuour slave's | quluğuznuyou all's slave's | qullarınıtheir slaves' |
| Accusative | qulnuthe slave (as the object) | qulumumy slave (as the object) | quluŋuyour slave (as the object) | qulunhis slave (as the object) | qulubuznuour slave (as the object) | quluğuznuyou all's slave (as the object) | qullarıntheir slaves (as the object) |
| Dative | qulğato the slave | qulumato my slave | quluŋato your slave | qulunato his slave | qulubuzğato our slave | quluğuzğato you all's slave | qullarınato their slaves |
| Locative | quldain / at the slave | qulumdain / at my slave | quluŋdain / at your slave | qulundain / at his slave | qulubuzdain / at our slave | quluğuzdain / at you all's slave | qullarındain / at their slaves |
| Ablative | quldanfrom the slave | qulumdanfrom my slave | quluŋdanfrom your slave | qulundanfrom his slave | qulubuzdanfrom our slave | quluğuzdanfrom you all's slave | qullarındanfrom their slaves |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qullathe slaves | qullarımmy slaves | qullarıŋyour slaves | qullarıhis slaves | qullarıbızour slaves | qullarığızyou all's slaves | qullarıtheir slaves |
| Genitive | qullanıthe slaves' | qullarımımy slaves' | qullarıŋıyour slaves' | qullarınıhis slaves' | qullarıbıznıour slaves' | qullarığıznıyou all's slaves' | qullarınıtheir slaves' |
| Accusative | qullanıthe slaves (as the object) | qullarımımy slaves (as the object) | qullarıŋıyour slaves (as the object) | qullarınhis slaves (as the object) | qullarıbıznıour slaves (as the object) | qullarığıznıyou all's slaves (as the object) | qullarıntheir slaves (as the object) |
| Dative | qullağato the slaves | qullarımato my slaves | qullarıŋato your slaves | qullarınato his slaves | qullarıbızğato our slaves | qullarığızğato you all's slaves | qullarınato their slaves |
| Locative | qulladain / at the slaves | qullarımdain / at my slaves | qullarıŋdain / at your slaves | qullarındain / at his slaves | qullarıbızdain / at our slaves | qullarığızdain / at you all's slaves | qullarındain / at their slaves |
| Ablative | qulladanfrom the slaves | qullarımdanfrom my slaves | qullarıŋdanfrom your slaves | qullarındanfrom his slaves | qullarıbızdanfrom our slaves | qullarığızdanfrom you all's slaves | qullarındanfrom their slaves |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: qulları can mean "his / her slaves", "their slave", or "their slaves" — context decides.
Whose it is
| Case | one thing, one owner | several things, one owner | one thing, several owners | several things, several owners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qulnuquthe slave's one | qulnuqulathe slave's ones | qullanıqıthe slaves' one | qullanıqılathe slaves' ones |
| Genitive | qulnuqunuof the slave's one | qulnuqulanıof the slave's ones | qullanıqınıof the slaves' one | qullanıqılanıof the slaves' ones |
| Accusative | qulnuqunthe slave's one (as the object) | qulnuqulanıthe slave's ones (as the object) | qullanıqınthe slaves' one (as the object) | qullanıqılanıthe slaves' ones (as the object) |
| Dative | qulnuqunato the slave's one | qulnuqulağato the slave's ones | qullanıqınato the slaves' one | qullanıqılağato the slaves' ones |
| Locative | qulnuqundain / at the slave's one | qulnuquladain / at the slave's ones | qullanıqındain / at the slaves' one | qullanıqıladain / at the slaves' ones |
| Ablative | qulnuqundanfrom the slave's one | qulnuquladanfrom the slave's ones | qullanıqındanfrom the slaves' one | qullanıqıladanfrom the slaves' ones |
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.