sur
/sur/
1. harsh, severe, merciless
- sur adam — a harsh man
- sur zaman — a harsh time
- sur jel — a harsh wind
- sur onowçu — a merciless ruler
- sur tolqunla — harsh waves
- sur duniya — a harsh world
- jaşawnu sur onowçusudu zaman — time is the merciless ruler of life
2. sur, a top-grade light-brown karakul lambskin — Made from the skin of a newborn lamb of a costly breed and used for hats and collars.
- sur börk — a sur lambskin cap
- surdan etilgen börk — a cap made of sur
- anı börkü surdandı — his cap is made of sur
- surdan jağa saldırıw — having a sur collar put on
- bağalı sur — costly sur
As an adjective
Degrees and persons
| Degree | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | surmaI am harsh | sursayou are harsh | surduhe is harsh | surbuzwe are harsh | sursuzyou all are harsh | surdulathey are harsh |
| comparative — more | sururaqmaI am harsher | sururaqsayou are harsher | sururaqdıhe is harsher | sururaqbızwe are harsher | sururaqsızyou all are harsher | sururaqdılathey are harsher |
| intensifier — very | bek surmaI am very harsh | bek sursayou are very harsh | bek surduhe is very harsh | bek surbuzwe are very harsh | bek sursuzyou all are very harsh | bek surdulathey are very harsh |
| superlative — most | em surmaI am the harshest | em sursayou are the harshest | em surduhe is the harshest | em surbuzwe are the harshest | em sursuzyou all are the harshest | em surdulathey are the harshest |
To compare two things, put the loser in the from-form: ol menden surdu — "compared to me, he is harsh."
Saying it about mine, yours, theirs
One thing
| Degree | menikimine | senikiyours | anıqıhis / hers | biznikiours | siznikiyours (pl.) | alanıqıtheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | meniki surdumine is harsh | seniki surduyours is harsh | anıqı surduhis is harsh | bizniki surduours is harsh | sizniki surduyours (pl.) is harsh | alanıqı surdutheirs is harsh |
| comparative — more | meniki sururaqdımine is harsher | seniki sururaqdıyours is harsher | anıqı sururaqdıhis is harsher | bizniki sururaqdıours is harsher | sizniki sururaqdıyours (pl.) is harsher | alanıqı sururaqdıtheirs is harsher |
| intensifier — very | meniki bek surdumine is very harsh | seniki bek surduyours is very harsh | anıqı bek surduhis is very harsh | bizniki bek surduours is very harsh | sizniki bek surduyours (pl.) is very harsh | alanıqı bek surdutheirs is very harsh |
| superlative — most | meniki em surdumine is the harshest | seniki em surduyours is the harshest | anıqı em surduhis is the harshest | bizniki em surduours is the harshest | sizniki em surduyours (pl.) is the harshest | alanıqı em surdutheirs is the harshest |
Several things
| Degree | menikilemine | senikileyours | anıqılahis / hers | biznikileours | siznikileyours (pl.) | alanıqılatheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | menikile surdulamine are harsh | senikile surdulayours are harsh | anıqıla surdulahis are harsh | biznikile surdulaours are harsh | siznikile surdulayours (pl.) are harsh | alanıqıla surdulatheirs are harsh |
| comparative — more | menikile sururaqdılamine are harsher | senikile sururaqdılayours are harsher | anıqıla sururaqdılahis are harsher | biznikile sururaqdılaours are harsher | siznikile sururaqdılayours (pl.) are harsher | alanıqıla sururaqdılatheirs are harsher |
| intensifier — very | menikile bek surdulamine are very harsh | senikile bek surdulayours are very harsh | anıqıla bek surdulahis are very harsh | biznikile bek surdulaours are very harsh | siznikile bek surdulayours (pl.) are very harsh | alanıqıla bek surdulatheirs are very harsh |
| superlative — most | menikile em surdulamine are the harshest | senikile em surdulayours are the harshest | anıqıla em surdulahis are the harshest | biznikile em surdulaours are the harshest | siznikile em surdulayours (pl.) are the harshest | alanıqıla em surdulatheirs are the harshest |
Any thing takes the third-person ending, not only these: bu surdu, bıla surdula. In texts biznikile is usually kesibiznikile, "our own people", and a surname with -nıqıla names a family: Dudalanıqıla, "the Dudas".
As a noun
Cases and owners
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | surthe lambskin | surummy lambskin | suruŋyour lambskin | suruhis lambskin | surubuzour lambskin | suruğuzyou all's lambskin | surlarıtheir lambskins |
| Genitive | surnuthe lambskin's | surumumy lambskin's | suruŋuyour lambskin's | surunuhis lambskin's | surubuznuour lambskin's | suruğuznuyou all's lambskin's | surlarınıtheir lambskins' |
| Accusative | surnuthe lambskin (as the object) | surumumy lambskin (as the object) | suruŋuyour lambskin (as the object) | surunhis lambskin (as the object) | surubuznuour lambskin (as the object) | suruğuznuyou all's lambskin (as the object) | surlarıntheir lambskins (as the object) |
| Dative | surğato the lambskin | surumato my lambskin | suruŋato your lambskin | surunato his lambskin | surubuzğato our lambskin | suruğuzğato you all's lambskin | surlarınato their lambskins |
| Locative | surdain / at the lambskin | surumdain / at my lambskin | suruŋdain / at your lambskin | surundain / at his lambskin | surubuzdain / at our lambskin | suruğuzdain / at you all's lambskin | surlarındain / at their lambskins |
| Ablative | surdanfrom the lambskin | surumdanfrom my lambskin | suruŋdanfrom your lambskin | surundanfrom his lambskin | surubuzdanfrom our lambskin | suruğuzdanfrom you all's lambskin | surlarındanfrom their lambskins |
There is no plural of this word. The ending would attach like any other — it is the word, not the grammar, that refuses: this is not something Karachay counts.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.