guwuldarğa
/ɡuwuldarʁa/
1. hum, drone, make a low continuous noise
- tirmen guwuldaydı — the mill is droning
- qulaqlarım guwuldab turadıla — my ears are ringing
- qulaqlarım guwulday başladıla — my ears started to ring
2. howl, moan (of wind or a blizzard)
- jel guwuldab turadı — the wind is howling
- boran guwuldaydı — the blizzard is howling
- jelle guwulday edile — the winds were moaning
Conjugation
Common forms
- guwuldaydıhe is humming
- guwuldadıhe hummed
- guwuldağandıhe has hummed
- guwuldarhe will hum
- guwuldarıqdıhe is going to hum
- guwulday edihe was humming
- guwuldasaif he hums
- guwulda!hum!
Simple tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (simple & continuous) | menguwuldaymaI am humming | senguwuldaysayou are humming | olguwuldaydıhe is humming | bizguwuldaybızwe are humming | sizguwuldaysızyou all are humming | alaguwuldaydılathey are humming |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menguwuldamaymaI am not humming | senguwuldamaysayou are not humming | olguwuldamaydıhe is not humming | bizguwuldamaybızwe are not humming | sizguwuldamaysızyou all are not humming | alaguwuldamaydılathey are not humming |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menguwuldaymamı? guwuldaymıma?am I humming? | senguwuldaymısa?are you humming? | olguwuldaymıdı?is he humming? | bizguwuldaybızmı? guwuldaymıbız?are we humming? | sizguwuldaymısız?are you all humming? | alaguwuldaymıdıla?are they humming? |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menguwuldamaymamı? guwuldamaymıma?aren't I humming? | senguwuldamaymısa?aren't you humming? | olguwuldamaymıdı?isn't he humming? | bizguwuldamaybızmı? guwuldamaymıbız?aren't we humming? | sizguwuldamaymısız?aren't you all humming? | alaguwuldamaymıdıla?aren't they humming? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menguwuldawçanmaI usually hum | senguwuldawçansayou usually hum | olguwuldawçandıhe usually hums | bizguwuldawçanbızwe usually hum | sizguwuldawçansızyou all usually hum | alaguwuldawçandılathey usually hum |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menguwuldamawçanmaI usually don't hum | senguwuldamawçansayou usually don't hum | olguwuldamawçandıhe usually doesn't hum | bizguwuldamawçanbızwe usually don't hum | sizguwuldamawçansızyou all usually don't hum | alaguwuldamawçandılathey usually don't hum |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menguwuldawçanmamı? guwuldawçanmıma?do I usually hum? | senguwuldawçanmısa?do you usually hum? | olguwuldawçanmıdı?does he usually hum? | bizguwuldawçanbızmı? guwuldawçanmıbız?do we usually hum? | sizguwuldawçanmısız?do you all usually hum? | alaguwuldawçanmıdıla?do they usually hum? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menguwuldamawçanmamı? guwuldamawçanmıma?do I usually not hum? | senguwuldamawçanmısa?do you usually not hum? | olguwuldamawçanmıdı?does he usually not hum? | bizguwuldamawçanbızmı? guwuldamawçanmıbız?do we usually not hum? | sizguwuldamawçanmısız?do you all usually not hum? | alaguwuldamawçanmıdıla?do they usually not hum? |
| Resultative (has become and stays) | olguwuldabdıhe has hummed and remains so | alaguwuldabdılathey have hummed and remain so | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | olguwuldabmıdı?has he hummed? | alaguwuldabmıdıla?have they hummed? | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Durative (keeps doing) | menguwuldab turamaI keep humming | senguwuldab turasayou keep humming | olguwuldab turadıhe keeps humming | bizguwuldab turabızwe keep humming | sizguwuldab turasızyou all keep humming | alaguwuldab turadılathey keep humming |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menguwuldab turmaymaI don't keep humming | senguwuldab turmaysayou don't keep humming | olguwuldab turmaydıhe doesn't keep humming | bizguwuldab turmaybızwe don't keep humming | sizguwuldab turmaysızyou all don't keep humming | alaguwuldab turmaydılathey don't keep humming |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menguwuldab turamamı? guwuldab turamıma?do I keep humming? | senguwuldab turamısa?do you keep humming? | olguwuldab turamıdı?does he keep humming? | bizguwuldab turabızmı? guwuldab turamıbız?do we keep humming? | sizguwuldab turamısız?do you all keep humming? | alaguwuldab turamıdıla?do they keep humming? |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menguwuldab turmaymamı? guwuldab turmaymıma?don't I keep humming? | senguwuldab turmaymısa?don't you keep humming? | olguwuldab turmaymıdı?doesn't he keep humming? | bizguwuldab turmaybızmı? guwuldab turmaymıbız?don't we keep humming? | sizguwuldab turmaymısız?don't you all keep humming? | alaguwuldab turmaymıdıla?don't they keep humming? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menguwulday turamaI am in the middle of humming | senguwulday turasayou are in the middle of humming | olguwulday turadıhe is in the middle of humming | bizguwulday turabızwe are in the middle of humming | sizguwulday turasızyou all are in the middle of humming | alaguwulday turadılathey are in the middle of humming |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menguwulday turmaymaI am not in the middle of humming | senguwulday turmaysayou are not in the middle of humming | olguwulday turmaydıhe is not in the middle of humming | bizguwulday turmaybızwe are not in the middle of humming | sizguwulday turmaysızyou all are not in the middle of humming | alaguwulday turmaydılathey are not in the middle of humming |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menguwulday turamamı? guwulday turamıma?am I in the middle of humming? | senguwulday turamısa?are you in the middle of humming? | olguwulday turamıdı?is he in the middle of humming? | bizguwulday turabızmı? guwulday turamıbız?are we in the middle of humming? | sizguwulday turamısız?are you all in the middle of humming? | alaguwulday turamıdıla?are they in the middle of humming? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menguwulday turmaymamı? guwulday turmaymıma?aren't I in the middle of humming? | senguwulday turmaymısa?aren't you in the middle of humming? | olguwulday turmaymıdı?isn't he in the middle of humming? | bizguwulday turmaybızmı? guwulday turmaymıbız?aren't we in the middle of humming? | sizguwulday turmaymısız?aren't you all in the middle of humming? | alaguwulday turmaymıdıla?aren't they in the middle of humming? |
| Simple past (definite) | menguwuldadımI hummed | senguwuldadıŋyou hummed | olguwuldadıhe hummed | bizguwuldadıqwe hummed | sizguwuldadığızyou all hummed | alaguwuldadılathey hummed |
| Simple past (definite) | menguwuldamadımI didn't hum | senguwuldamadıŋyou didn't hum | olguwuldamadıhe didn't hum | bizguwuldamadıqwe didn't hum | sizguwuldamadığızyou all didn't hum | alaguwuldamadılathey didn't hum |
| Simple past (definite) | menguwuldadımmı?did I hum? | senguwuldadıŋmı?did you hum? | olguwuldadımı?did he hum? | bizguwuldadıqmı?did we hum? | sizguwuldadığızmı?did you all hum? | alaguwuldadılamı?did they hum? |
| Simple past (definite) | menguwuldamadımmı?didn't I hum? | senguwuldamadıŋmı?didn't you hum? | olguwuldamadımı?didn't he hum? | bizguwuldamadıqmı?didn't we hum? | sizguwuldamadığızmı?didn't you all hum? | alaguwuldamadılamı?didn't they hum? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menguwuldağanmaI have hummed | senguwuldağansayou have hummed | olguwuldağandıhe has hummed | bizguwuldağanbızwe have hummed | sizguwuldağansızyou all have hummed | alaguwuldağandılathey have hummed |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menguwuldamağanmaI haven't hummed | senguwuldamağansayou haven't hummed | olguwuldamağandıhe hasn't hummed | bizguwuldamağanbızwe haven't hummed | sizguwuldamağansızyou all haven't hummed | alaguwuldamağandılathey haven't hummed |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menguwuldağanmamı? guwuldağanmıma?have I hummed? | senguwuldağanmısa?have you hummed? | olguwuldağanmıdı?has he hummed? | bizguwuldağanbızmı? guwuldağanmıbız?have we hummed? | sizguwuldağanmısız?have you all hummed? | alaguwuldağanmıdıla?have they hummed? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menguwuldamağanmamı? guwuldamağanmıma?haven't I hummed? | senguwuldamağanmısa?haven't you hummed? | olguwuldamağanmıdı?hasn't he hummed? | bizguwuldamağanbızmı? guwuldamağanmıbız?haven't we hummed? | sizguwuldamağanmısız?haven't you all hummed? | alaguwuldamağanmıdıla?haven't they hummed? |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menguwuldab turdumI kept humming | senguwuldab turduŋyou kept humming | olguwuldab turduhe kept humming | bizguwuldab turduqwe kept humming | sizguwuldab turduğuzyou all kept humming | alaguwuldab turdulathey kept humming |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menguwuldab turmadımI didn't keep humming | senguwuldab turmadıŋyou didn't keep humming | olguwuldab turmadıhe didn't keep humming | bizguwuldab turmadıqwe didn't keep humming | sizguwuldab turmadığızyou all didn't keep humming | alaguwuldab turmadılathey didn't keep humming |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Indefinite future (future I) | menguwuldarmaI will hum | senguwuldarsayou will hum | olguwuldarhe will hum | bizguwuldarbızwe will hum | sizguwuldarsızyou all will hum | alaguwuldarlathey will hum |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menguwuldamazmaI won't hum | senguwuldamazsayou won't hum | olguwuldamazhe won't hum | bizguwuldamazbızwe won't hum | sizguwuldamazsızyou all won't hum | alaguwuldamazlathey won't hum |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menguwuldarmamı? guwuldarmıma?will I hum? | senguwuldarmısa?will you hum? | olguwuldarmı?will he hum? | bizguwuldarbızmı? guwuldarmıbız?will we hum? | sizguwuldarmısız?will you all hum? | alaguwuldarlamı? guwuldarmıla?will they hum? |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menguwuldamazmamı? guwuldamazmıma?won't I hum? | senguwuldamazmısa?won't you hum? | olguwuldamazmı?won't he hum? | bizguwuldamazbızmı? guwuldamazmıbız?won't we hum? | sizguwuldamazmısız?won't you all hum? | alaguwuldamazlamı? guwuldamazmıla?won't they hum? |
| Definite future (future II) | menguwuldarıqmaI am going to hum | senguwuldarıqsayou are going to hum | olguwuldarıqdıhe is going to hum | bizguwuldarıqbızwe are going to hum | sizguwuldarıqsızyou all are going to hum | alaguwuldarıqdılathey are going to hum |
| Definite future (future II) | menguwuldarıq tülmeI am not going to hum | senguwuldarıq tülseyou are not going to hum | olguwuldarıq tüldühe is not going to hum | bizguwuldarıq tülbüzwe are not going to hum | sizguwuldarıq tülsüzyou all are not going to hum | alaguwuldarıq tüldülethey are not going to hum |
| Definite future (future II) | menguwuldarıqmamı? guwuldarıqmıma?am I going to hum? | senguwuldarıqmısa?are you going to hum? | olguwuldarıqmıdı?is he going to hum? | bizguwuldarıqbızmı? guwuldarıqmıbız?are we going to hum? | sizguwuldarıqmısız?are you all going to hum? | alaguwuldarıqmıdıla?are they going to hum? |
| Definite future (future II) | menguwuldarıq tülmüme?aren't I going to hum? | senguwuldarıq tülmüse?aren't you going to hum? | olguwuldarıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to hum? | bizguwuldarıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to hum? | sizguwuldarıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to hum? | alaguwuldarıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to hum? |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Past compound tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menguwuldağan edimguwuldağanemI had hummed | senguwuldağan ediŋguwuldağaneŋyou had hummed | olguwuldağan ediguwuldağanedhe had hummed | bizguwuldağan edikguwuldağanekwe had hummed | sizguwuldağan edigizguwuldağanegizyou all had hummed | alaguwuldağan edileguwuldağanellethey had hummed |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menguwuldamağan edimguwuldamağanemI hadn't hummed | senguwuldamağan ediŋguwuldamağaneŋyou hadn't hummed | olguwuldamağan ediguwuldamağanedhe hadn't hummed | bizguwuldamağan edikguwuldamağanekwe hadn't hummed | sizguwuldamağan edigizguwuldamağanegizyou all hadn't hummed | alaguwuldamağan edileguwuldamağanellethey hadn't hummed |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menguwulday edimguwuldayemI was humming | senguwulday ediŋguwuldayeŋyou were humming | olguwulday ediguwuldayedhe was humming | bizguwulday edikguwuldayekwe were humming | sizguwulday edigizguwuldayegizyou all were humming | alaguwulday edileguwuldayellethey were humming |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menguwuldamay edimguwuldamayemI wasn't humming | senguwuldamay ediŋguwuldamayeŋyou weren't humming | olguwuldamay ediguwuldamayedhe wasn't humming | bizguwuldamay edikguwuldamayekwe weren't humming | sizguwuldamay edigizguwuldamayegizyou all weren't humming | alaguwuldamay edileguwuldamayellethey weren't humming |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | menguwuldawçan edimguwuldawçanemI used to hum | senguwuldawçan ediŋguwuldawçaneŋyou used to hum | olguwuldawçan ediguwuldawçanedhe used to hum | bizguwuldawçan edikguwuldawçanekwe used to hum | sizguwuldawçan edigizguwuldawçanegizyou all used to hum | alaguwuldawçan edileguwuldawçanellethey used to hum |
| Habitual past (used to) | menguwuldamawçan edimguwuldamawçanemI didn't use to hum | senguwuldamawçan ediŋguwuldamawçaneŋyou didn't use to hum | olguwuldamawçan ediguwuldamawçanedhe didn't use to hum | bizguwuldamawçan edikguwuldamawçanekwe didn't use to hum | sizguwuldamawçan edigizguwuldamawçanegizyou all didn't use to hum | alaguwuldamawçan edileguwuldamawçanellethey didn't use to hum |
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | olguwuldab edihe had hummed and remained so | alaguwuldab edilethey had hummed and remained so | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | olguwuldab tül edihe hadn't hummed | alaguwuldab tül edilethey hadn't hummed | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menguwuldab tura edimguwuldab turaemI had kept humming | senguwuldab tura ediŋguwuldab turaeŋyou had kept humming | olguwuldab tura ediguwuldab turaedhe had kept humming | bizguwuldab tura edikguwuldab turaekwe had kept humming | sizguwuldab tura edigizguwuldab turaegizyou all had kept humming | alaguwuldab tura edileguwuldab turaellethey had kept humming |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menguwuldab turmay edimguwuldab turmayemI hadn't kept humming | senguwuldab turmay ediŋguwuldab turmayeŋyou hadn't kept humming | olguwuldab turmay ediguwuldab turmayedhe hadn't kept humming | bizguwuldab turmay edikguwuldab turmayekwe hadn't kept humming | sizguwuldab turmay edigizguwuldab turmayegizyou all hadn't kept humming | alaguwuldab turmay edileguwuldab turmayellethey hadn't kept humming |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menguwulday tura edimguwulday turaemI was in the middle of humming | senguwulday tura ediŋguwulday turaeŋyou were in the middle of humming | olguwulday tura ediguwulday turaedhe was in the middle of humming | bizguwulday tura edikguwulday turaekwe were in the middle of humming | sizguwulday tura edigizguwulday turaegizyou all were in the middle of humming | alaguwulday tura edileguwulday turaellethey were in the middle of humming |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menguwulday turmay edimguwulday turmayemI wasn't in the middle of humming | senguwulday turmay ediŋguwulday turmayeŋyou weren't in the middle of humming | olguwulday turmay ediguwulday turmayedhe wasn't in the middle of humming | bizguwulday turmay edikguwulday turmayekwe weren't in the middle of humming | sizguwulday turmay edigizguwulday turmayegizyou all weren't in the middle of humming | alaguwulday turmay edileguwulday turmayellethey weren't in the middle of humming |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | menguwuldar edimguwuldar emI would hum | senguwuldar ediŋguwuldar eŋyou would hum | olguwuldar ediguwuldar edhe would hum | bizguwuldar edikguwuldar ekwe would hum | sizguwuldar edigizguwuldar egizyou all would hum | alaguwuldar edileguwuldar ellethey would hum |
| Conditional result (would) | menguwuldamaz edimguwuldamaz emI wouldn't hum | senguwuldamaz ediŋguwuldamaz eŋyou wouldn't hum | olguwuldamaz ediguwuldamaz edhe wouldn't hum | bizguwuldamaz edikguwuldamaz ekwe wouldn't hum | sizguwuldamaz edigizguwuldamaz egizyou all wouldn't hum | alaguwuldamaz edileguwuldamaz ellethey wouldn't hum |
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) | menguwuldarıq edimguwuldarıq emI would have hummed | senguwuldarıq ediŋguwuldarıq eŋyou would have hummed | olguwuldarıq ediguwuldarıq edhe would have hummed | bizguwuldarıq edikguwuldarıq ekwe would have hummed | sizguwuldarıq edigizguwuldarıq egizyou all would have hummed | alaguwuldarıq edileguwuldarıq ellethey would have hummed |
| Past conditional result (would have) | menguwuldarıq tül edimguwuldarıq tül emI wouldn't have hummed | senguwuldarıq tül ediŋguwuldarıq tül eŋyou wouldn't have hummed | olguwuldarıq tül ediguwuldarıq tül edhe wouldn't have hummed | bizguwuldarıq tül edikguwuldarıq tül ekwe wouldn't have hummed | sizguwuldarıq tül edigizguwuldarıq tül egizyou all wouldn't have hummed | alaguwuldarıq tül edileguwuldarıq tül ellethey wouldn't have hummed |
| Past conditional result (would have) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) |
Conditional
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional | menguwuldasamif I hum | senguwuldasaŋif you hum | olguwuldasaif he hums | bizguwuldasaqif we hum | sizguwuldasağızif you all hum | alaguwuldasalaif they hum |
| Conditional | menguwuldamasamif I don't hum | senguwuldamasaŋif you don't hum | olguwuldamasaif he doesn't hum | bizguwuldamasaqif we don't hum | sizguwuldamasağızif you all don't hum | alaguwuldamasalaif they don't hum |
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | menguwulday esemif I am humming | senguwulday eseŋif you are humming | olguwulday eseif he is humming | bizguwulday esekif we are humming | sizguwulday esegizif you all are humming | alaguwulday eseleif they are humming |
| Conditional, present real | menguwuldamay esemif I am not humming | senguwuldamay eseŋif you are not humming | olguwuldamay eseif he is not humming | bizguwuldamay esekif we are not humming | sizguwuldamay esegizif you all are not humming | alaguwuldamay eseleif they are not humming |
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menguwuldasam ediguwuldasam edif only I hummed | senguwuldasaŋ ediguwuldasaŋ edif only you hummed | olguwuldasa ediguwuldasaedif only he hummed | bizguwuldasaq ediguwuldasaq edif only we hummed | sizguwuldasağız ediguwuldasağız edif only you all hummed | alaguwuldasala ediguwuldasalaedif only they hummed |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menguwuldamasam ediguwuldamasam edif only I didn't hum | senguwuldamasaŋ ediguwuldamasaŋ edif only you didn't hum | olguwuldamasa ediguwuldamasaedif only he didn't hum | bizguwuldamasaq ediguwuldamasaq edif only we didn't hum | sizguwuldamasağız ediguwuldamasağız edif only you all didn't hum | alaguwuldamasala ediguwuldamasalaedif only they didn't hum |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Durative conditional | menguwuldab tursamif I carry on humming | senguwuldab tursaŋif you carry on humming | olguwuldab tursaif he carries on humming | bizguwuldab tursaqif we carry on humming | sizguwuldab tursağızif you all carry on humming | alaguwuldab tursalaif they carry on humming |
| Durative conditional | menguwuldab turmasamif I don't carry on humming | senguwuldab turmasaŋif you don't carry on humming | olguwuldab turmasaif he doesn't carry on humming | bizguwuldab turmasaqif we don't carry on humming | sizguwuldab turmasağızif you all don't carry on humming | alaguwuldab turmasalaif they don't carry on humming |
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | menguwuldab tura esemif I have kept humming | senguwuldab tura eseŋif you have kept humming | olguwuldab tura eseif he has kept humming | bizguwuldab tura esekif we have kept humming | sizguwuldab tura esegizif you all have kept humming | alaguwuldab tura eseleif they have kept humming |
| Durative conditional, present real | menguwuldab turmay esemif I haven't kept humming | senguwuldab turmay eseŋif you haven't kept humming | olguwuldab turmay eseif he hasn't kept humming | bizguwuldab turmay esekif we haven't kept humming | sizguwuldab turmay esegizif you all haven't kept humming | alaguwuldab turmay eseleif they haven't kept humming |
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | menguwulday tursamif I keep humming | senguwulday tursaŋif you keep humming | olguwulday tursaif he keeps humming | bizguwulday tursaqif we keep humming | sizguwulday tursağızif you all keep humming | alaguwulday tursalaif they keep humming |
| Progressive conditional | menguwuldamay tursamif I keep on not humming | senguwuldamay tursaŋif you keep on not humming | olguwuldamay tursaif he keeps on not humming | bizguwuldamay tursaqif we keep on not humming | sizguwuldamay tursağızif you all keep on not humming | alaguwuldamay tursalaif they keep on not humming |
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | menguwulday tura esemif I am in the middle of humming | senguwulday tura eseŋif you are in the middle of humming | olguwulday tura eseif he is in the middle of humming | bizguwulday tura esekif we are in the middle of humming | sizguwulday tura esegizif you all are in the middle of humming | alaguwulday tura eseleif they are in the middle of humming |
| Progressive conditional, present real | menguwuldamay tura esemif I keep on not humming | senguwuldamay tura eseŋif you keep on not humming | olguwuldamay tura eseif he keeps on not humming | bizguwuldamay tura esekif we keep on not humming | sizguwuldamay tura esegizif you all keep on not humming | alaguwuldamay tura eseleif they keep on not humming |
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past1 | menguwuldadım esemif I hummed | senguwuldadıŋ eseŋif you hummed | olguwuldadı eseif he hummed | bizguwuldadıq esekif we hummed | sizguwuldadığız esegizif you all hummed | alaguwuldadıla eseleif they hummed |
| Conditional, definite past1 | menguwuldamadım esemif I didn't hum | senguwuldamadıŋ eseŋif you didn't hum | olguwuldamadı eseif he didn't hum | bizguwuldamadıq esekif we didn't hum | sizguwuldamadığız esegizif you all didn't hum | alaguwuldamadıla eseleif they didn't hum |
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | menguwuldağan esemif I did hum (indeed) | senguwuldağan eseŋif you did hum (indeed) | olguwuldağan eseif he did hum (indeed) | bizguwuldağan esekif we did hum (indeed) | sizguwuldağan esegizif you all did hum (indeed) | alaguwuldağan eseleif they did hum (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | menguwuldamağan esemif I didn't hum (indeed) | senguwuldamağan eseŋif you didn't hum (indeed) | olguwuldamağan eseif he didn't hum (indeed) | bizguwuldamağan esekif we didn't hum (indeed) | sizguwuldamağan esegizif you all didn't hum (indeed) | alaguwuldamağan eseleif they didn't hum (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | menguwuldağan bolsamif I had hummed | senguwuldağan bolsaŋif you had hummed | olguwuldağan bolsaif he had hummed | bizguwuldağan bolsaqif we had hummed | sizguwuldağan bolsağızif you all had hummed | alaguwuldağan bolsalaif they had hummed |
| Conditional, counterfactual | menguwuldamağan bolsamif I hadn't hummed | senguwuldamağan bolsaŋif you hadn't hummed | olguwuldamağan bolsaif he hadn't hummed | bizguwuldamağan bolsaqif we hadn't hummed | sizguwuldamağan bolsağızif you all hadn't hummed | alaguwuldamağan bolsalaif they hadn't hummed |
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menguwuldağan bolsam ediguwuldağan bolsam edif only I had hummed | senguwuldağan bolsaŋ ediguwuldağan bolsaŋ edif only you had hummed | olguwuldağan bolsa ediguwuldağan bolsaedif only he had hummed | bizguwuldağan bolsaq ediguwuldağan bolsaq edif only we had hummed | sizguwuldağan bolsağız ediguwuldağan bolsağız edif only you all had hummed | alaguwuldağan bolsala ediguwuldağan bolsalaedif only they had hummed |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menguwuldamağan bolsam ediguwuldamağan bolsam edif only I hadn't hummed | senguwuldamağan bolsaŋ ediguwuldamağan bolsaŋ edif only you hadn't hummed | olguwuldamağan bolsa ediguwuldamağan bolsaedif only he hadn't hummed | bizguwuldamağan bolsaq ediguwuldamağan bolsaq edif only we hadn't hummed | sizguwuldamağan bolsağız ediguwuldamağan bolsağız edif only you all hadn't hummed | alaguwuldamağan bolsala ediguwuldamağan bolsalaedif only they hadn't hummed |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | menguwuldar esemif I will hum | senguwuldar eseŋif you will hum | olguwuldar eseif he will hum | bizguwuldar esekif we will hum | sizguwuldar esegizif you all will hum | alaguwuldar eseleif they will hum |
| Conditional, aorist | menguwuldamaz esemif I won't hum | senguwuldamaz eseŋif you won't hum | olguwuldamaz eseif he won't hum | bizguwuldamaz esekif we won't hum | sizguwuldamaz esegizif you all won't hum | alaguwuldamaz eseleif they won't hum |
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, future | menguwuldarıq esemif I am going to hum | senguwuldarıq eseŋif you are going to hum | olguwuldarıq eseif he is going to hum | bizguwuldarıq esekif we are going to hum | sizguwuldarıq esegizif you all are going to hum | alaguwuldarıq eseleif they are going to hum |
| Conditional, future | menguwuldarıq tül esemif I am not going to hum | senguwuldarıq tül eseŋif you are not going to hum | olguwuldarıq tül eseif he is not going to hum | bizguwuldarıq tül esekif we are not going to hum | sizguwuldarıq tül esegizif you all are not going to hum | alaguwuldarıq tül eseleif they are not going to hum |
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menguwuldarıq bolsamif I were going to hum | senguwuldarıq bolsaŋif you were going to hum | olguwuldarıq bolsaif he were going to hum | bizguwuldarıq bolsaqif we were going to hum | sizguwuldarıq bolsağızif you all were going to hum | alaguwuldarıq bolsalaif they were going to hum |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menguwuldamazlıq bolsamif I were not going to hum | senguwuldamazlıq bolsaŋif you were not going to hum | olguwuldamazlıq bolsaif he were not going to hum | bizguwuldamazlıq bolsaqif we were not going to hum | sizguwuldamazlıq bolsağızif you all were not going to hum | alaguwuldamazlıq bolsalaif they were not going to hum |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Conditional, definite pastalso guwuldadıŋ ese: the person on the verb only (Байрамкулов and Урусбиев 1967 § 110)
Inferential
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menguwulday bolurmaI must be humming | senguwulday bolursayou must be humming | olguwulday bolurhe must be humming | bizguwulday bolurbuzwe must be humming | sizguwulday bolursuzyou all must be humming | alaguwulday bolurlathey must be humming |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menguwuldamay bolurmaI must not be humming | senguwuldamay bolursayou must not be humming | olguwuldamay bolurhe must not be humming | bizguwuldamay bolurbuzwe must not be humming | sizguwuldamay bolursuzyou all must not be humming | alaguwuldamay bolurlathey must not be humming |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menguwulday tura bolurmaI must be in the middle of humming | senguwulday tura bolursayou must be in the middle of humming | olguwulday tura bolurhe must be in the middle of humming | bizguwulday tura bolurbuzwe must be in the middle of humming | sizguwulday tura bolursuzyou all must be in the middle of humming | alaguwulday tura bolurlathey must be in the middle of humming |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menguwuldamay tura bolurmaI must keep on not humming | senguwuldamay tura bolursayou must keep on not humming | olguwuldamay tura bolurhe must keep on not humming | bizguwuldamay tura bolurbuzwe must keep on not humming | sizguwuldamay tura bolursuzyou all must keep on not humming | alaguwuldamay tura bolurlathey must keep on not humming |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | menguwuldağan bolurmaI must have hummed | senguwuldağan bolursayou must have hummed | olguwuldağan bolurhe must have hummed | bizguwuldağan bolurbuzwe must have hummed | sizguwuldağan bolursuzyou all must have hummed | alaguwuldağan bolurlathey must have hummed |
| Inference (must have) | menguwuldamağan bolurmaI must not have hummed | senguwuldamağan bolursayou must not have hummed | olguwuldamağan bolurhe must not have hummed | bizguwuldamağan bolurbuzwe must not have hummed | sizguwuldamağan bolursuzyou all must not have hummed | alaguwuldamağan bolurlathey must not have hummed |
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menguwuldarıq bolurmaI must be going to hum | senguwuldarıq bolursayou must be going to hum | olguwuldarıq bolurhe must be going to hum | bizguwuldarıq bolurbuzwe must be going to hum | sizguwuldarıq bolursuzyou all must be going to hum | alaguwuldarıq bolurlathey must be going to hum |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menguwuldamazlıq bolurmaI must not be going to hum | senguwuldamazlıq bolursayou must not be going to hum | olguwuldamazlıq bolurhe must not be going to hum | bizguwuldamazlıq bolurbuzwe must not be going to hum | sizguwuldamazlıq bolursuzyou all must not be going to hum | alaguwuldamazlıq bolurlathey must not be going to hum |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Commands, requests and wishes
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commands & suggestions | menguwuldayımlet me hum | senguwulda!hum! | olguwuldasınlet him hum | bizguwuldayıqlet's hum | sizguwuldağız!hum, you all! | alaguwuldasınlalet them hum |
| Commands & suggestions | menguwuldamayımlet me not hum | senguwuldama!don't hum! | olguwuldamasınlet him not hum | bizguwuldamayıqlet's not hum | sizguwuldamağız!don't hum, you all! | alaguwuldamasınlalet them not hum |
| Commands & suggestions | menguwuldayımmı?shall I hum? | olguwuldasınmı?should he hum? | bizguwuldayıqmı?shall we hum? | alaguwuldasınlamı?should they hum? | ||
| Commands & suggestions | menguwuldamayımmı?shall I not hum? | olguwuldamasınmı?should he not hum? | bizguwuldamayıqmı?shall we not hum? | alaguwuldamasınlamı?should they not hum? | ||
| Requests | senguwuldaçı2guwuldaçınplease hum | olguwuldasınçıdo let him hum | sizguwuldaçığızplease hum (plural/polite) | alaguwuldasınlaçıdo let them hum | ||
| Requests | senguwuldamaçı2guwuldamaçınplease don't hum | olguwuldamasınçıdo let him not hum | sizguwuldamaçığızplease don't hum (plural/polite) | alaguwuldamasınlaçıdo let them not hum | ||
| Requests | ||||||
| Requests | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senguwuldağınguwuldağımay you hum | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senguwuldamağınguwuldamağımay you not hum | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menguwuldağay edim guwuldağa edimwould that I hummed | senguwuldağay ediŋ guwuldağa ediŋwould that you hummed | olguwuldağay edi guwuldağa ediwould that he hummed | bizguwuldağay edik guwuldağa edikwould that we hummed | sizguwuldağay edigiz guwuldağa edigizwould that you all hummed | alaguwuldağay edile guwuldağa edilewould that they hummed |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menguwuldamağay edim guwuldamağa edimwould that I did not hum | senguwuldamağay ediŋ guwuldamağa ediŋwould that you did not hum | olguwuldamağay edi guwuldamağa ediwould that he did not hum | bizguwuldamağay edik guwuldamağa edikwould that we did not hum | sizguwuldamağay edigiz guwuldamağa edigizwould that you all did not hum | alaguwuldamağay edile guwuldamağa edilewould that they did not hum |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Let someone… (commands) | menguwuldamağa qoyayımguwuldama qoyayımlet me allow someone to hum | senguwuldamağa qoy!guwuldama qoy!let someone hum! | olguwuldamağa qoysunguwuldama qoysunlet him allow someone to hum | bizguwuldamağa qoyayıqguwuldama qoyayıqlet's allow someone to hum | sizguwuldamağa qoyuğuz!guwuldama qoyuğuz!let someone hum, you all! | alaguwuldamağa qoysunlaguwuldama qoysunlalet them allow someone to hum |
| Let someone… (commands) | menguwuldamağa qoymayımguwuldama qoymayımlet me not allow someone to hum | senguwuldamağa qoyma!guwuldama qoyma!don't let someone hum! | olguwuldamağa qoymasınguwuldama qoymasınlet him not allow someone to hum | bizguwuldamağa qoymayıqguwuldama qoymayıqlet's not allow someone to hum | sizguwuldamağa qoymağız!guwuldama qoymağız!don't let someone hum, you all! | alaguwuldamağa qoymasınlaguwuldama qoymasınlalet them not allow someone to hum |
| Let someone… (commands) | menguwuldamağa qoyayımmı?guwuldama qoyayımmı?shall I allow someone to hum? | olguwuldamağa qoysunmu?guwuldama qoysunmu?should he allow someone to hum? | bizguwuldamağa qoyayıqmı?guwuldama qoyayıqmı?shall we allow someone to hum? | alaguwuldamağa qoysunlamı?guwuldama qoysunlamı?should they allow someone to hum? | ||
| Let someone… (commands) | menguwuldamağa qoymayımmı?guwuldama qoymayımmı?shall I not allow someone to hum? | olguwuldamağa qoymasınmı?guwuldama qoymasınmı?should he not allow someone to hum? | bizguwuldamağa qoymayıqmı?guwuldama qoymayıqmı?shall we not allow someone to hum? | alaguwuldamağa qoymasınlamı?guwuldama qoymasınlamı?should they not allow someone to hum? | ||
| Let someone… (present) | menguwuldamağa qoyamaguwuldama qoyamaI allow someone to hum | senguwuldamağa qoyasaguwuldama qoyasayou allow someone to hum | olguwuldamağa qoyadıguwuldama qoyadıhe allows someone to hum | bizguwuldamağa qoyabızguwuldama qoyabızwe allow someone to hum | sizguwuldamağa qoyasızguwuldama qoyasızyou all allow someone to hum | alaguwuldamağa qoyadılaguwuldama qoyadılathey allow someone to hum |
| Let someone… (present) | menguwuldamağa qoymaymaguwuldama qoymaymaI don't allow someone to hum | senguwuldamağa qoymaysaguwuldama qoymaysayou don't allow someone to hum | olguwuldamağa qoymaydıguwuldama qoymaydıhe doesn't allow someone to hum | bizguwuldamağa qoymaybızguwuldama qoymaybızwe don't allow someone to hum | sizguwuldamağa qoymaysızguwuldama qoymaysızyou all don't allow someone to hum | alaguwuldamağa qoymaydılaguwuldama qoymaydılathey don't allow someone to hum |
| Let someone… (present) | menguwuldamağa qoyamamı?guwuldama qoyamamı?do I allow someone to hum? | senguwuldamağa qoyamısa?guwuldama qoyamısa?do you allow someone to hum? | olguwuldamağa qoyamıdı?guwuldama qoyamıdı?does he allow someone to hum? | bizguwuldamağa qoyabızmı?guwuldama qoyabızmı?do we allow someone to hum? | sizguwuldamağa qoyamısız?guwuldama qoyamısız?do you all allow someone to hum? | alaguwuldamağa qoyamıdıla?guwuldama qoyamıdıla?do they allow someone to hum? |
| Let someone… (present) | menguwuldamağa qoymaymamı?guwuldama qoymaymamı?don't I allow someone to hum? | senguwuldamağa qoymaymısa?guwuldama qoymaymısa?don't you allow someone to hum? | olguwuldamağa qoymaymıdı?guwuldama qoymaymıdı?doesn't he allow someone to hum? | bizguwuldamağa qoymaybızmı?guwuldama qoymaybızmı?don't we allow someone to hum? | sizguwuldamağa qoymaymısız?guwuldama qoymaymısız?don't you all allow someone to hum? | alaguwuldamağa qoymaymıdıla?guwuldama qoymaymıdıla?don't they allow someone to hum? |
| Let someone… (past) | menguwuldamağa qoydumguwuldama qoydumI allowed someone to hum | senguwuldamağa qoyduŋguwuldama qoyduŋyou allowed someone to hum | olguwuldamağa qoyduguwuldama qoyduhe allowed someone to hum | bizguwuldamağa qoyduqguwuldama qoyduqwe allowed someone to hum | sizguwuldamağa qoyduğuzguwuldama qoyduğuzyou all allowed someone to hum | alaguwuldamağa qoydulaguwuldama qoydulathey allowed someone to hum |
| Let someone… (past) | menguwuldamağa qoymadımguwuldama qoymadımI didn't allow someone to hum | senguwuldamağa qoymadıŋguwuldama qoymadıŋyou didn't allow someone to hum | olguwuldamağa qoymadıguwuldama qoymadıhe didn't allow someone to hum | bizguwuldamağa qoymadıqguwuldama qoymadıqwe didn't allow someone to hum | sizguwuldamağa qoymadığızguwuldama qoymadığızyou all didn't allow someone to hum | alaguwuldamağa qoymadılaguwuldama qoymadılathey didn't allow someone to hum |
| Let someone… (past) | menguwuldamağa qoydummu?guwuldama qoydummu?did I allow someone to hum? | senguwuldamağa qoyduŋmu?guwuldama qoyduŋmu?did you allow someone to hum? | olguwuldamağa qoydumu?guwuldama qoydumu?did he allow someone to hum? | bizguwuldamağa qoyduqmu?guwuldama qoyduqmu?did we allow someone to hum? | sizguwuldamağa qoyduğuzmu?guwuldama qoyduğuzmu?did you all allow someone to hum? | alaguwuldamağa qoydulamı?guwuldama qoydulamı?did they allow someone to hum? |
| Let someone… (past) | menguwuldamağa qoymadımmı?guwuldama qoymadımmı?didn't I allow someone to hum? | senguwuldamağa qoymadıŋmı?guwuldama qoymadıŋmı?didn't you allow someone to hum? | olguwuldamağa qoymadımı?guwuldama qoymadımı?didn't he allow someone to hum? | bizguwuldamağa qoymadıqmı?guwuldama qoymadıqmı?didn't we allow someone to hum? | sizguwuldamağa qoymadığızmı?guwuldama qoymadığızmı?didn't you all allow someone to hum? | alaguwuldamağa qoymadılamı?guwuldama qoymadılamı?didn't they allow someone to hum? |
- RequestsSpoken variant: singular requests can add a final nasal consonant, with the same request meaning.
Ability
guwuldayalırğa be able to hum · guwuldayalmazğa be unable to hum
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ability — present | menguwuldayalamaI can hum | senguwuldayalasayou can hum | olguwuldayaladıhe can hum | bizguwuldayalabızwe can hum | sizguwuldayalasızyou all can hum | alaguwuldayaladılathey can hum |
| Ability — present | menguwuldayalmaymaI can't hum | senguwuldayalmaysayou can't hum | olguwuldayalmaydıhe can't hum | bizguwuldayalmaybızwe can't hum | sizguwuldayalmaysızyou all can't hum | alaguwuldayalmaydılathey can't hum |
| Ability — present | menguwuldayalamamı? guwuldayalamıma?can I hum? | senguwuldayalamısa?can you hum? | olguwuldayalamıdı?can he hum? | bizguwuldayalabızmı? guwuldayalamıbız?can we hum? | sizguwuldayalamısız?can you all hum? | alaguwuldayalamıdıla?can they hum? |
| Ability — present | menguwuldayalmaymamı? guwuldayalmaymıma?can't I hum? | senguwuldayalmaymısa?can't you hum? | olguwuldayalmaymıdı?can't he hum? | bizguwuldayalmaybızmı? guwuldayalmaymıbız?can't we hum? | sizguwuldayalmaymısız?can't you all hum? | alaguwuldayalmaymıdıla?can't they hum? |
| Ability — if I can… | menguwuldayalsamif I can hum | senguwuldayalsaŋif you can hum | olguwuldayalsaif he can hum | bizguwuldayalsaqif we can hum | sizguwuldayalsağızif you all can hum | alaguwuldayalsalaif they can hum |
| Ability — if I can… | menguwuldayalmasamif I can't hum | senguwuldayalmasaŋif you can't hum | olguwuldayalmasaif he can't hum | bizguwuldayalmasaqif we can't hum | sizguwuldayalmasağızif you all can't hum | alaguwuldayalmasalaif they can't hum |
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — simple past | menguwuldayaldımI was able to hum | senguwuldayaldıŋyou were able to hum | olguwuldayaldıhe was able to hum | bizguwuldayaldıqwe were able to hum | sizguwuldayaldığızyou all were able to hum | alaguwuldayaldılathey were able to hum |
| Ability — simple past | menguwuldayalmadımI could not hum | senguwuldayalmadıŋyou could not hum | olguwuldayalmadıhe could not hum | bizguwuldayalmadıqwe could not hum | sizguwuldayalmadığızyou all could not hum | alaguwuldayalmadılathey could not hum |
| Ability — simple past | menguwuldayaldımmı?was I able to hum? | senguwuldayaldıŋmı?were you able to hum? | olguwuldayaldımı?was he able to hum? | bizguwuldayaldıqmı?were we able to hum? | sizguwuldayaldığızmı?were you all able to hum? | alaguwuldayaldılamı?were they able to hum? |
| Ability — simple past | menguwuldayalmadımmı?couldn't I hum? | senguwuldayalmadıŋmı?couldn't you hum? | olguwuldayalmadımı?couldn't he hum? | bizguwuldayalmadıqmı?couldn't we hum? | sizguwuldayalmadığızmı?couldn't you all hum? | alaguwuldayalmadılamı?couldn't they hum? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menguwuldayalğanmaI have been able to hum | senguwuldayalğansayou have been able to hum | olguwuldayalğandıhe has been able to hum | bizguwuldayalğanbızwe have been able to hum | sizguwuldayalğansızyou all have been able to hum | alaguwuldayalğandılathey have been able to hum |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menguwuldayalmağanmaI haven't been able to hum | senguwuldayalmağansayou haven't been able to hum | olguwuldayalmağandıhe hasn't been able to hum | bizguwuldayalmağanbızwe haven't been able to hum | sizguwuldayalmağansızyou all haven't been able to hum | alaguwuldayalmağandılathey haven't been able to hum |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menguwuldayalğanmamı? guwuldayalğanmıma?have I been able to hum? | senguwuldayalğanmısa?have you been able to hum? | olguwuldayalğanmıdı?has he been able to hum? | bizguwuldayalğanbızmı? guwuldayalğanmıbız?have we been able to hum? | sizguwuldayalğanmısız?have you all been able to hum? | alaguwuldayalğanmıdıla?have they been able to hum? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menguwuldayalmağanmamı? guwuldayalmağanmıma?haven't I been able to hum? | senguwuldayalmağanmısa?haven't you been able to hum? | olguwuldayalmağanmıdı?hasn't he been able to hum? | bizguwuldayalmağanbızmı? guwuldayalmağanmıbız?haven't we been able to hum? | sizguwuldayalmağanmısız?haven't you all been able to hum? | alaguwuldayalmağanmıdıla?haven't they been able to hum? |
| Ability — past perfect | menguwuldayalğan edimguwuldayalğanemI had been able to hum | senguwuldayalğan ediŋguwuldayalğaneŋyou had been able to hum | olguwuldayalğan ediguwuldayalğanedhe had been able to hum | bizguwuldayalğan edikguwuldayalğanekwe had been able to hum | sizguwuldayalğan edigizguwuldayalğanegizyou all had been able to hum | alaguwuldayalğan edileguwuldayalğanellethey had been able to hum |
| Ability — past perfect | menguwuldayalmağan edimguwuldayalmağanemI hadn't been able to hum | senguwuldayalmağan ediŋguwuldayalmağaneŋyou hadn't been able to hum | olguwuldayalmağan ediguwuldayalmağanedhe hadn't been able to hum | bizguwuldayalmağan edikguwuldayalmağanekwe hadn't been able to hum | sizguwuldayalmağan edigizguwuldayalmağanegizyou all hadn't been able to hum | alaguwuldayalmağan edileguwuldayalmağanellethey hadn't been able to hum |
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past background | menguwuldayala edimguwuldayalaemI could hum | senguwuldayala ediŋguwuldayalaeŋyou could hum | olguwuldayala ediguwuldayalaedhe could hum | bizguwuldayala edikguwuldayalaekwe could hum | sizguwuldayala edigizguwuldayalaegizyou all could hum | alaguwuldayala edileguwuldayalaellethey could hum |
| Ability — past background | menguwuldayalmay edimguwuldayalmayemI could not hum | senguwuldayalmay ediŋguwuldayalmayeŋyou could not hum | olguwuldayalmay ediguwuldayalmayedhe could not hum | bizguwuldayalmay edikguwuldayalmayekwe could not hum | sizguwuldayalmay edigizguwuldayalmayegizyou all could not hum | alaguwuldayalmay edileguwuldayalmayellethey could not hum |
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — future I | menguwuldayalırmaI will be able to hum | senguwuldayalırsayou will be able to hum | olguwuldayalırhe will be able to hum | bizguwuldayalırbızwe will be able to hum | sizguwuldayalırsızyou all will be able to hum | alaguwuldayalırlathey will be able to hum |
| Ability — future I | menguwuldayalmazmaI won't be able to hum | senguwuldayalmazsayou won't be able to hum | olguwuldayalmazhe won't be able to hum | bizguwuldayalmazbızwe won't be able to hum | sizguwuldayalmazsızyou all won't be able to hum | alaguwuldayalmazlathey won't be able to hum |
| Ability — future I | menguwuldayalırmamı? guwuldayalırmıma?will I be able to hum? | senguwuldayalırmısa?will you be able to hum? | olguwuldayalırmı?will he be able to hum? | bizguwuldayalırbızmı? guwuldayalırmıbız?will we be able to hum? | sizguwuldayalırmısız?will you all be able to hum? | alaguwuldayalırlamı? guwuldayalırmıla?will they be able to hum? |
| Ability — future I | menguwuldayalmazmamı? guwuldayalmazmıma?won't I be able to hum? | senguwuldayalmazmısa?won't you be able to hum? | olguwuldayalmazmı?won't he be able to hum? | bizguwuldayalmazbızmı? guwuldayalmazmıbız?won't we be able to hum? | sizguwuldayalmazmısız?won't you all be able to hum? | alaguwuldayalmazlamı? guwuldayalmazmıla?won't they be able to hum? |
| Ability — future II | menguwuldayallıqmaI am going to be able to hum | senguwuldayallıqsayou are going to be able to hum | olguwuldayallıqdıhe is going to be able to hum | bizguwuldayallıqbızwe are going to be able to hum | sizguwuldayallıqsızyou all are going to be able to hum | alaguwuldayallıqdılathey are going to be able to hum |
| Ability — future II | menguwuldayallıq tülmeI am not going to be able to hum | senguwuldayallıq tülseyou are not going to be able to hum | olguwuldayallıq tüldühe is not going to be able to hum | bizguwuldayallıq tülbüzwe are not going to be able to hum | sizguwuldayallıq tülsüzyou all are not going to be able to hum | alaguwuldayallıq tüldülethey are not going to be able to hum |
| Ability — future II | menguwuldayallıqmamı? guwuldayallıqmıma?am I going to be able to hum? | senguwuldayallıqmısa?are you going to be able to hum? | olguwuldayallıqmıdı?is he going to be able to hum? | bizguwuldayallıqbızmı? guwuldayallıqmıbız?are we going to be able to hum? | sizguwuldayallıqmısız?are you all going to be able to hum? | alaguwuldayallıqmıdıla?are they going to be able to hum? |
| Ability — future II | menguwuldayallıq tülmüme?aren't I going to be able to hum? | senguwuldayallıq tülmüse?aren't you going to be able to hum? | olguwuldayallıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to be able to hum? | bizguwuldayallıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to be able to hum? | sizguwuldayallıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to be able to hum? | alaguwuldayallıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to be able to hum? |
| Ability — would be able to… | menguwuldayalır edimguwuldayalır emI would be able to hum | senguwuldayalır ediŋguwuldayalır eŋyou would be able to hum | olguwuldayalır ediguwuldayalır edhe would be able to hum | bizguwuldayalır edikguwuldayalır ekwe would be able to hum | sizguwuldayalır edigizguwuldayalır egizyou all would be able to hum | alaguwuldayalır edileguwuldayalır ellethey would be able to hum |
| Ability — would be able to… | menguwuldayalmaz edimguwuldayalmaz emI wouldn't be able to hum | senguwuldayalmaz ediŋguwuldayalmaz eŋyou wouldn't be able to hum | olguwuldayalmaz ediguwuldayalmaz edhe wouldn't be able to hum | bizguwuldayalmaz edikguwuldayalmaz ekwe wouldn't be able to hum | sizguwuldayalmaz edigizguwuldayalmaz egizyou all wouldn't be able to hum | alaguwuldayalmaz edileguwuldayalmaz ellethey wouldn't be able to hum |
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senguwuldayalğınguwuldayalğımay you be able to hum | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senguwuldayalmağınguwuldayalmağımay you not be able to hum | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability |
With another word
| Frame | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wanting and intending | ||||||
| want to | menguwuldarğa izleymeI want to hum | senguwuldarğa izleyseyou want to hum | olguwuldarğa izleydihe wants to hum | bizguwuldarğa izleybizwe want to hum | sizguwuldarğa izleysizyou all want to hum | alaguwuldarğa izleydilethey want to hum |
| want to | menguwuldarğa izlemeymeI do not want to hum | senguwuldarğa izlemeyseyou do not want to hum | olguwuldarğa izlemeydihe does not want to hum | bizguwuldarğa izlemeybizwe do not want to hum | sizguwuldarğa izlemeysizyou all do not want to hum | alaguwuldarğa izlemeydilethey do not want to hum |
| would like to | menguwuldarğa süemeI would like to hum | senguwuldarğa süeseyou would like to hum | olguwuldarğa süedihe would like to hum | bizguwuldarğa süebizwe would like to hum | sizguwuldarğa süesizyou all would like to hum | alaguwuldarğa süedilethey would like to hum |
| would like to | menguwuldarğa süymeymeI would not like to hum | senguwuldarğa süymeyseyou would not like to hum | olguwuldarğa süymeydihe would not like to hum | bizguwuldarğa süymeybizwe would not like to hum | sizguwuldarğa süymeysizyou all would not like to hum | alaguwuldarğa süymeydilethey would not like to hum |
| hope to | menguwuldarğa umutlanamaI hope to hum | senguwuldarğa umutlanasayou hope to hum | olguwuldarğa umutlanadıhe hopes to hum | bizguwuldarğa umutlanabızwe hope to hum | sizguwuldarğa umutlanasızyou all hope to hum | alaguwuldarğa umutlanadılathey hope to hum |
| hope to | menguwuldarğa umutlanmaymaI do not hope to hum | senguwuldarğa umutlanmaysayou do not hope to hum | olguwuldarğa umutlanmaydıhe does not hope to hum | bizguwuldarğa umutlanmaybızwe do not hope to hum | sizguwuldarğa umutlanmaysızyou all do not hope to hum | alaguwuldarğa umutlanmaydılathey do not hope to hum |
| be about to | menguwuldarğa deb turamaI am about to hum | senguwuldarğa deb turasayou are about to hum | olguwuldarğa deb turadıhe is about to hum | bizguwuldarğa deb turabızwe are about to hum | sizguwuldarğa deb turasızyou all are about to hum | alaguwuldarğa deb turadılathey are about to hum |
| be about to | menguwuldarğa deb turmaymaI am not about to hum | senguwuldarğa deb turmaysayou are not about to hum | olguwuldarğa deb turmaydıhe is not about to hum | bizguwuldarğa deb turmaybızwe are not about to hum | sizguwuldarğa deb turmaysızyou all are not about to hum | alaguwuldarğa deb turmaydılathey are not about to hum |
| Need and obligation | ||||||
| need to | menguwuldarğa kerekmeI need to hum | senguwuldarğa kerekseyou need to hum | olguwuldarğa kerekdihe needs to hum | bizguwuldarğa kerekbizwe need to hum | sizguwuldarğa kereksizyou all need to hum | alaguwuldarğa kerekdilethey need to hum |
| need to | menguwuldarğa kerek tülmeI do not need to hum | senguwuldarğa kerek tülseyou do not need to hum | olguwuldarğa kerek tüldühe does not need to hum | bizguwuldarğa kerek tülbüzwe do not need to hum | sizguwuldarğa kerek tülsüzyou all do not need to hum | alaguwuldarğa kerek tüldülethey do not need to hum |
| have to | menmenŋe guwuldarğa tüşediI have to hum | sensenŋe guwuldarğa tüşediyou have to hum | olaŋa guwuldarğa tüşedihe has to hum | bizbizge guwuldarğa tüşediwe have to hum | sizsizge guwuldarğa tüşediyou all have to hum | alaalağa guwuldarğa tüşedithey have to hum |
| have to | menmenŋe guwuldarğa tüşmeydiI do not have to hum | sensenŋe guwuldarğa tüşmeydiyou do not have to hum | olaŋa guwuldarğa tüşmeydihe does not have to hum | bizbizge guwuldarğa tüşmeydiwe do not have to hum | sizsizge guwuldarğa tüşmeydiyou all do not have to hum | alaalağa guwuldarğa tüşmeydithey do not have to hum |
| be obliged to | menguwuldarğa borçlumaI am obliged to hum | senguwuldarğa borçlusayou are obliged to hum | olguwuldarğa borçluduhe is obliged to hum | bizguwuldarğa borçlubuzwe are obliged to hum | sizguwuldarğa borçlusuzyou all are obliged to hum | alaguwuldarğa borçludulathey are obliged to hum |
| be obliged to | menguwuldarğa borçlu tülmeI am not obliged to hum | senguwuldarğa borçlu tülseyou are not obliged to hum | olguwuldarğa borçlu tüldühe is not obliged to hum | bizguwuldarğa borçlu tülbüzwe are not obliged to hum | sizguwuldarğa borçlu tülsüzyou all are not obliged to hum | alaguwuldarğa borçlu tüldülethey are not obliged to hum |
| Possibility and permission | ||||||
| have a way to | menguwuldarğa madarım bardıI have a way to hum | senguwuldarğa madarıŋ bardıyou have a way to hum | olguwuldarğa madarı bardıhe has a way to hum | bizguwuldarğa madarıbız bardıwe have a way to hum | sizguwuldarğa madarığız bardıyou all have a way to hum | alaguwuldarğa madarları bardıthey have a way to hum |
| have a way to | menguwuldarğa madarım joqduI have no way to hum | senguwuldarğa madarıŋ joqduyou have no way to hum | olguwuldarğa madarı joqduhe has no way to hum | bizguwuldarğa madarıbız joqduwe have no way to hum | sizguwuldarğa madarığız joqduyou all have no way to hum | alaguwuldarğa madarları joqduthey have no way to hum |
| be free to | menguwuldarğa erkinligim bardıI am free to hum | senguwuldarğa erkinligiŋ bardıyou are free to hum | olguwuldarğa erkinligi bardıhe is free to hum | bizguwuldarğa erkinligibiz bardıwe are free to hum | sizguwuldarğa erkinligigiz bardıyou all are free to hum | alaguwuldarğa erkinlikleri bardıthey are free to hum |
| be free to | menguwuldarğa erkinligim joqduI am not free to hum | senguwuldarğa erkinligiŋ joqduyou are not free to hum | olguwuldarğa erkinligi joqduhe is not free to hum | bizguwuldarğa erkinligibiz joqduwe are not free to hum | sizguwuldarğa erkinligigiz joqduyou all are not free to hum | alaguwuldarğa erkinlikleri joqduthey are not free to hum |
| be possible to | menmenŋe guwuldarğa bolluqduit is possible for me to hum | sensenŋe guwuldarğa bolluqduit is possible for you to hum | olaŋa guwuldarğa bolluqduit is possible for him to hum | bizbizge guwuldarğa bolluqduit is possible for us to hum | sizsizge guwuldarğa bolluqduit is possible for you all to hum | alaalağa guwuldarğa bolluqduit is possible for them to hum |
| be possible to | menmenŋe guwuldarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for me to hum | sensenŋe guwuldarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you to hum | olaŋa guwuldarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for him to hum | bizbizge guwuldarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for us to hum | sizsizge guwuldarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you all to hum | alaalağa guwuldarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for them to hum |
| be ready to | menguwuldarğa hazırmaI am ready to hum | senguwuldarğa hazırsayou are ready to hum | olguwuldarğa hazırdıhe is ready to hum | bizguwuldarğa hazırbızwe are ready to hum | sizguwuldarğa hazırsızyou all are ready to hum | alaguwuldarğa hazırdılathey are ready to hum |
| be ready to | menguwuldarğa hazır tülmeI am not ready to hum | senguwuldarğa hazır tülseyou are not ready to hum | olguwuldarğa hazır tüldühe is not ready to hum | bizguwuldarğa hazır tülbüzwe are not ready to hum | sizguwuldarğa hazır tülsüzyou all are not ready to hum | alaguwuldarğa hazır tüldülethey are not ready to hum |
| Trying, agreeing, hurrying, fearing | ||||||
| try to | menguwuldarğa küreşemeI am trying to hum | senguwuldarğa küreşeseyou are trying to hum | olguwuldarğa küreşedihe is trying to hum | bizguwuldarğa küreşebizwe are trying to hum | sizguwuldarğa küreşesizyou all are trying to hum | alaguwuldarğa küreşedilethey are trying to hum |
| try to | menguwuldarğa küreşmeymeI am not trying to hum | senguwuldarğa küreşmeyseyou are not trying to hum | olguwuldarğa küreşmeydihe is not trying to hum | bizguwuldarğa küreşmeybizwe are not trying to hum | sizguwuldarğa küreşmeysizyou all are not trying to hum | alaguwuldarğa küreşmeydilethey are not trying to hum |
| agree to | menguwuldarğa unaymaI agree to hum | senguwuldarğa unaysayou agree to hum | olguwuldarğa unaydıhe agrees to hum | bizguwuldarğa unaybızwe agree to hum | sizguwuldarğa unaysızyou all agree to hum | alaguwuldarğa unaydılathey agree to hum |
| agree to | menguwuldarğa unamaymaI refuse to hum | senguwuldarğa unamaysayou refuse to hum | olguwuldarğa unamaydıhe refuses to hum | bizguwuldarğa unamaybızwe refuse to hum | sizguwuldarğa unamaysızyou all refuse to hum | alaguwuldarğa unamaydılathey refuse to hum |
| hurry to | menguwuldarğa aşığamaI am in a hurry to hum | senguwuldarğa aşığasayou are in a hurry to hum | olguwuldarğa aşığadıhe is in a hurry to hum | bizguwuldarğa aşığabızwe are in a hurry to hum | sizguwuldarğa aşığasızyou all are in a hurry to hum | alaguwuldarğa aşığadılathey are in a hurry to hum |
| hurry to | menguwuldarğa aşıqmaymaI am in no hurry to hum | senguwuldarğa aşıqmaysayou are in no hurry to hum | olguwuldarğa aşıqmaydıhe is in no hurry to hum | bizguwuldarğa aşıqmaybızwe are in no hurry to hum | sizguwuldarğa aşıqmaysızyou all are in no hurry to hum | alaguwuldarğa aşıqmaydılathey are in no hurry to hum |
| be afraid to | menguwuldarğa qorqamaI am afraid to hum | senguwuldarğa qorqasayou are afraid to hum | olguwuldarğa qorqadıhe is afraid to hum | bizguwuldarğa qorqabızwe are afraid to hum | sizguwuldarğa qorqasızyou all are afraid to hum | alaguwuldarğa qorqadılathey are afraid to hum |
| be afraid to | menguwuldarğa qorqmaymaI am not afraid to hum | senguwuldarğa qorqmaysayou are not afraid to hum | olguwuldarğa qorqmaydıhe is not afraid to hum | bizguwuldarğa qorqmaybızwe are not afraid to hum | sizguwuldarğa qorqmaysızyou all are not afraid to hum | alaguwuldarğa qorqmaydılathey are not afraid to hum |
Emphatic and rare forms
| Form | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present — auxiliary negated | menguwulday bolmazmaI can't be humming | senguwulday bolmazsayou can't be humming | olguwulday bolmazhe can't be humming | bizguwulday bolmazbızwe can't be humming | sizguwulday bolmazsızyou all can't be humming | alaguwulday bolmazlathey can't be humming |
| Inference, present — double negation | menguwuldamay bolmazmaI must be humming (emphatic) | senguwuldamay bolmazsayou must be humming (emphatic) | olguwuldamay bolmazhe must be humming (emphatic) | bizguwuldamay bolmazbızwe must be humming (emphatic) | sizguwuldamay bolmazsızyou all must be humming (emphatic) | alaguwuldamay bolmazlathey must be humming (emphatic) |
| Progressive conditional — auxiliary negated | menguwulday turmasamif I don't keep humming | senguwulday turmasaŋif you don't keep humming | olguwulday turmasaif he doesn't keep humming | bizguwulday turmasaqif we don't keep humming | sizguwulday turmasağızif you all don't keep humming | alaguwulday turmasalaif they don't keep humming |
| Inference, progressive — auxiliary negated | menguwulday tura bolmazmaI can't be in the middle of humming | senguwulday tura bolmazsayou can't be in the middle of humming | olguwulday tura bolmazhe can't be in the middle of humming | bizguwulday tura bolmazbızwe can't be in the middle of humming | sizguwulday tura bolmazsızyou all can't be in the middle of humming | alaguwulday tura bolmazlathey can't be in the middle of humming |
| Inference, progressive — double negation | menguwuldamay tura bolmazmaI must keep on not humming (emphatic) | senguwuldamay tura bolmazsayou must keep on not humming (emphatic) | olguwuldamay tura bolmazhe must keep on not humming (emphatic) | bizguwuldamay tura bolmazbızwe must keep on not humming (emphatic) | sizguwuldamay tura bolmazsızyou all must keep on not humming (emphatic) | alaguwuldamay tura bolmazlathey must keep on not humming (emphatic) |
| Progressive — verb negated | menguwuldamay turamaI keep on not humming | senguwuldamay turasayou keep on not humming | olguwuldamay turadıhe keeps on not humming | bizguwuldamay turabızwe keep on not humming | sizguwuldamay turasızyou all keep on not humming | alaguwuldamay turadılathey keep on not humming |
| Progressive — double negation | menguwuldamay turmaymaI am not keeping on not humming | senguwuldamay turmaysayou are not keeping on not humming | olguwuldamay turmaydıhe is not keeping on not humming | bizguwuldamay turmaybızwe are not keeping on not humming | sizguwuldamay turmaysızyou all are not keeping on not humming | alaguwuldamay turmaydılathey are not keeping on not humming |
| Progressive — double negation | menguwuldamay turmaymımaaren't I keeping on not humming? | senguwuldamay turmaymısaaren't you keeping on not humming? | olguwuldamay turmaymıdıisn't he keeping on not humming? | bizguwuldamay turmaymıbızaren't we keeping on not humming? | sizguwuldamay turmaymısızaren't you all keeping on not humming? | alaguwuldamay turmaymıdılaaren't they keeping on not humming? |
| Inference — auxiliary negated | menguwuldağan bolmazmaI can't have hummed | senguwuldağan bolmazsayou can't have hummed | olguwuldağan bolmazhe can't have hummed | bizguwuldağan bolmazbızwe can't have hummed | sizguwuldağan bolmazsızyou all can't have hummed | alaguwuldağan bolmazlathey can't have hummed |
| Inference — double negation | menguwuldamağan bolmazmaI must have hummed (emphatic) | senguwuldamağan bolmazsayou must have hummed (emphatic) | olguwuldamağan bolmazhe must have hummed (emphatic) | bizguwuldamağan bolmazbızwe must have hummed (emphatic) | sizguwuldamağan bolmazsızyou all must have hummed (emphatic) | alaguwuldamağan bolmazlathey must have hummed (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual — auxiliary negated | menguwuldağan bolmasamif it weren't that I had hummed | senguwuldağan bolmasaŋif it weren't that you had hummed | olguwuldağan bolmasaif it weren't that he had hummed | bizguwuldağan bolmasaqif it weren't that we had hummed | sizguwuldağan bolmasağızif it weren't that you all had hummed | alaguwuldağan bolmasalaif it weren't that they had hummed |
| Counterfactual — double negation | menguwuldamağan bolmasamif it weren't that I hadn't hummed | senguwuldamağan bolmasaŋif it weren't that you hadn't hummed | olguwuldamağan bolmasaif it weren't that he hadn't hummed | bizguwuldamağan bolmasaqif it weren't that we hadn't hummed | sizguwuldamağan bolmasağızif it weren't that you all hadn't hummed | alaguwuldamağan bolmasalaif it weren't that they hadn't hummed |
| Inference, future — auxiliary negated | menguwuldarıq bolmazmaI can't be going to hum | senguwuldarıq bolmazsayou can't be going to hum | olguwuldarıq bolmazhe can't be going to hum | bizguwuldarıq bolmazbızwe can't be going to hum | sizguwuldarıq bolmazsızyou all can't be going to hum | alaguwuldarıq bolmazlathey can't be going to hum |
| Inference, future — double negation | menguwuldamazlıq bolmazmaI must be going to hum (emphatic) | senguwuldamazlıq bolmazsayou must be going to hum (emphatic) | olguwuldamazlıq bolmazhe must be going to hum (emphatic) | bizguwuldamazlıq bolmazbızwe must be going to hum (emphatic) | sizguwuldamazlıq bolmazsızyou all must be going to hum (emphatic) | alaguwuldamazlıq bolmazlathey must be going to hum (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual future — auxiliary negated | menguwuldarıq bolmasamif it weren't that I were going to hum | senguwuldarıq bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were going to hum | olguwuldarıq bolmasaif it weren't that he were going to hum | bizguwuldarıq bolmasaqif it weren't that we were going to hum | sizguwuldarıq bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were going to hum | alaguwuldarıq bolmasalaif it weren't that they were going to hum |
| Counterfactual future — double negation | menguwuldamazlıq bolmasamif it weren't that I were not going to hum | senguwuldamazlıq bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were not going to hum | olguwuldamazlıq bolmasaif it weren't that he were not going to hum | bizguwuldamazlıq bolmasaqif it weren't that we were not going to hum | sizguwuldamazlıq bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were not going to hum | alaguwuldamazlıq bolmasalaif it weren't that they were not going to hum |