tuwarğa
/tuwarʁa/
1. be born
- qız tuwğandı — a girl has been born
- meni atam Qaraçayda tuwğandı — my father was born in Karachay
- men bu elde tuwğanma — I was born in this village
- bügeçe köb qozu tuwğandı — tonight many lambs have been born
- alağa jaş tuwğandı — a son has been born to them
- jaŋı ulaqla tuwadıla — new kids are being born
2. arise, come into being, appear, originate
- jaŋı aqıl tuwdu — a new idea arose
- arada dawlaş tuwdu — a quarrel arose between them
- ol sağış kimde tuwdu — in whom did that thought arise
3. rise, come up (of the sun, moon or stars)
- kün tuwdu — the sun has risen
- kün tuwarğa az qaldı — little time is left before the sun rises
- tolğan ay tuwdu — the full moon rose
- ay tawlanı artından tuwadı — the moon rises from behind the mountains
- kün tuwğunçu turduq — we got up before the sun rose
- julduzla iŋirde tuwadıla — the stars rise in the evening
- jaŋı ay tünene tuwğandı — the new moon appeared yesterday
Expressions
- ataŋdanmı tuwğandı? — no special claim
- bir kün tuwğanma, bir kün öllükme — come what may
- jaŋıdan tuwğança bolurğa — be overjoyed
- tuwğanlı beri — since time immemorial
Conjugation
Common forms
- tuwadıhe is being born
- tuwduhe was born
- tuwğandıhe has been born
- tuwarhe will be born
- tuwarıqdıhe is going to be born
- tuwa edihe was being born
- tuwsaif he is born
- tuw!be born!
Simple tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (simple & continuous) | mentuwamaI am being born | sentuwasayou are being born | oltuwadıhe is being born | biztuwabızwe are being born | siztuwasızyou all are being born | alatuwadılathey are being born |
| Present (simple & continuous) | mentuwmaymaI am not being born | sentuwmaysayou are not being born | oltuwmaydıhe is not being born | biztuwmaybızwe are not being born | siztuwmaysızyou all are not being born | alatuwmaydılathey are not being born |
| Present (simple & continuous) | mentuwamamı? tuwamıma?am I being born? | sentuwamısa?are you being born? | oltuwamıdı?is he being born? | biztuwabızmı? tuwamıbız?are we being born? | siztuwamısız?are you all being born? | alatuwamıdıla?are they being born? |
| Present (simple & continuous) | mentuwmaymamı? tuwmaymıma?aren't I being born? | sentuwmaymısa?aren't you being born? | oltuwmaymıdı?isn't he being born? | biztuwmaybızmı? tuwmaymıbız?aren't we being born? | siztuwmaymısız?aren't you all being born? | alatuwmaymıdıla?aren't they being born? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | mentuwwçanmaI am usually born | sentuwwçansayou are usually born | oltuwwçandıhe is usually born | biztuwwçanbızwe are usually born | siztuwwçansızyou all are usually born | alatuwwçandılathey are usually born |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | mentuwmawçanmaI am usually not born | sentuwmawçansayou are usually not born | oltuwmawçandıhe is usually not born | biztuwmawçanbızwe are usually not born | siztuwmawçansızyou all are usually not born | alatuwmawçandılathey are usually not born |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | mentuwwçanmamı? tuwwçanmıma?am I usually born? | sentuwwçanmısa?are you usually born? | oltuwwçanmıdı?is he usually born? | biztuwwçanbızmı? tuwwçanmıbız?are we usually born? | siztuwwçanmısız?are you all usually born? | alatuwwçanmıdıla?are they usually born? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | mentuwmawçanmamı? tuwmawçanmıma?am I usually not born? | sentuwmawçanmısa?are you usually not born? | oltuwmawçanmıdı?is he usually not born? | biztuwmawçanbızmı? tuwmawçanmıbız?are we usually not born? | siztuwmawçanmısız?are you all usually not born? | alatuwmawçanmıdıla?are they usually not born? |
| Resultative (has become and stays) | oltuwubduhe has been born and remains so | alatuwubdulathey have been born and remain so | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | oltuwubmudu?has he been born? | alatuwubmudula?have they been born? | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Durative (keeps doing) | mentuwub turamaI remain born | sentuwub turasayou remain born | oltuwub turadıhe remains born | biztuwub turabızwe remain born | siztuwub turasızyou all remain born | alatuwub turadılathey remain born |
| Durative (keeps doing) | mentuwub turmaymaI don't remain born | sentuwub turmaysayou don't remain born | oltuwub turmaydıhe doesn't remain born | biztuwub turmaybızwe don't remain born | siztuwub turmaysızyou all don't remain born | alatuwub turmaydılathey don't remain born |
| Durative (keeps doing) | mentuwub turamamı? tuwub turamıma?do I remain born? | sentuwub turamısa?do you remain born? | oltuwub turamıdı?does he remain born? | biztuwub turabızmı? tuwub turamıbız?do we remain born? | siztuwub turamısız?do you all remain born? | alatuwub turamıdıla?do they remain born? |
| Durative (keeps doing) | mentuwub turmaymamı? tuwub turmaymıma?don't I remain born? | sentuwub turmaymısa?don't you remain born? | oltuwub turmaymıdı?doesn't he remain born? | biztuwub turmaybızmı? tuwub turmaymıbız?don't we remain born? | siztuwub turmaymısız?don't you all remain born? | alatuwub turmaymıdıla?don't they remain born? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | mentuwa turamaI am in the middle of being born | sentuwa turasayou are in the middle of being born | oltuwa turadıhe is in the middle of being born | biztuwa turabızwe are in the middle of being born | siztuwa turasızyou all are in the middle of being born | alatuwa turadılathey are in the middle of being born |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | mentuwa turmaymaI am not in the middle of being born | sentuwa turmaysayou are not in the middle of being born | oltuwa turmaydıhe is not in the middle of being born | biztuwa turmaybızwe are not in the middle of being born | siztuwa turmaysızyou all are not in the middle of being born | alatuwa turmaydılathey are not in the middle of being born |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | mentuwa turamamı? tuwa turamıma?am I in the middle of being born? | sentuwa turamısa?are you in the middle of being born? | oltuwa turamıdı?is he in the middle of being born? | biztuwa turabızmı? tuwa turamıbız?are we in the middle of being born? | siztuwa turamısız?are you all in the middle of being born? | alatuwa turamıdıla?are they in the middle of being born? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | mentuwa turmaymamı? tuwa turmaymıma?aren't I in the middle of being born? | sentuwa turmaymısa?aren't you in the middle of being born? | oltuwa turmaymıdı?isn't he in the middle of being born? | biztuwa turmaybızmı? tuwa turmaymıbız?aren't we in the middle of being born? | siztuwa turmaymısız?aren't you all in the middle of being born? | alatuwa turmaymıdıla?aren't they in the middle of being born? |
| Simple past (definite) | mentuwdumI was born | sentuwduŋyou were born | oltuwduhe was born | biztuwduqwe were born | siztuwduğuzyou all were born | alatuwdulathey were born |
| Simple past (definite) | mentuwmadımI wasn't born | sentuwmadıŋyou weren't born | oltuwmadıhe wasn't born | biztuwmadıqwe weren't born | siztuwmadığızyou all weren't born | alatuwmadılathey weren't born |
| Simple past (definite) | mentuwdummu?was I born? | sentuwduŋmu?were you born? | oltuwdumu?was he born? | biztuwduqmu?were we born? | siztuwduğuzmu?were you all born? | alatuwdulamı?were they born? |
| Simple past (definite) | mentuwmadımmı?wasn't I born? | sentuwmadıŋmı?weren't you born? | oltuwmadımı?wasn't he born? | biztuwmadıqmı?weren't we born? | siztuwmadığızmı?weren't you all born? | alatuwmadılamı?weren't they born? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | mentuwğanmaI have been born | sentuwğansayou have been born | oltuwğandıhe has been born | biztuwğanbızwe have been born | siztuwğansızyou all have been born | alatuwğandılathey have been born |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | mentuwmağanmaI haven't been born | sentuwmağansayou haven't been born | oltuwmağandıhe hasn't been born | biztuwmağanbızwe haven't been born | siztuwmağansızyou all haven't been born | alatuwmağandılathey haven't been born |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | mentuwğanmamı? tuwğanmıma?have I been born? | sentuwğanmısa?have you been born? | oltuwğanmıdı?has he been born? | biztuwğanbızmı? tuwğanmıbız?have we been born? | siztuwğanmısız?have you all been born? | alatuwğanmıdıla?have they been born? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | mentuwmağanmamı? tuwmağanmıma?haven't I been born? | sentuwmağanmısa?haven't you been born? | oltuwmağanmıdı?hasn't he been born? | biztuwmağanbızmı? tuwmağanmıbız?haven't we been born? | siztuwmağanmısız?haven't you all been born? | alatuwmağanmıdıla?haven't they been born? |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | mentuwub turdumI remained born | sentuwub turduŋyou remained born | oltuwub turduhe remained born | biztuwub turduqwe remained born | siztuwub turduğuzyou all remained born | alatuwub turdulathey remained born |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | mentuwub turmadımI didn't remain born | sentuwub turmadıŋyou didn't remain born | oltuwub turmadıhe didn't remain born | biztuwub turmadıqwe didn't remain born | siztuwub turmadığızyou all didn't remain born | alatuwub turmadılathey didn't remain born |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Indefinite future (future I) | mentuwarmaI will be born | sentuwarsayou will be born | oltuwarhe will be born | biztuwarbızwe will be born | siztuwarsızyou all will be born | alatuwarlathey will be born |
| Indefinite future (future I) | mentuwmazmaI won't be born | sentuwmazsayou won't be born | oltuwmazhe won't be born | biztuwmazbızwe won't be born | siztuwmazsızyou all won't be born | alatuwmazlathey won't be born |
| Indefinite future (future I) | mentuwarmamı? tuwarmıma?will I be born? | sentuwarmısa?will you be born? | oltuwarmı?will he be born? | biztuwarbızmı? tuwarmıbız?will we be born? | siztuwarmısız?will you all be born? | alatuwarlamı? tuwarmıla?will they be born? |
| Indefinite future (future I) | mentuwmazmamı? tuwmazmıma?won't I be born? | sentuwmazmısa?won't you be born? | oltuwmazmı?won't he be born? | biztuwmazbızmı? tuwmazmıbız?won't we be born? | siztuwmazmısız?won't you all be born? | alatuwmazlamı? tuwmazmıla?won't they be born? |
| Definite future (future II) | mentuwarıqmaI am going to be born | sentuwarıqsayou are going to be born | oltuwarıqdıhe is going to be born | biztuwarıqbızwe are going to be born | siztuwarıqsızyou all are going to be born | alatuwarıqdılathey are going to be born |
| Definite future (future II) | mentuwarıq tülmeI am not going to be born | sentuwarıq tülseyou are not going to be born | oltuwarıq tüldühe is not going to be born | biztuwarıq tülbüzwe are not going to be born | siztuwarıq tülsüzyou all are not going to be born | alatuwarıq tüldülethey are not going to be born |
| Definite future (future II) | mentuwarıqmamı? tuwarıqmıma?am I going to be born? | sentuwarıqmısa?are you going to be born? | oltuwarıqmıdı?is he going to be born? | biztuwarıqbızmı? tuwarıqmıbız?are we going to be born? | siztuwarıqmısız?are you all going to be born? | alatuwarıqmıdıla?are they going to be born? |
| Definite future (future II) | mentuwarıq tülmüme?aren't I going to be born? | sentuwarıq tülmüse?aren't you going to be born? | oltuwarıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to be born? | biztuwarıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to be born? | siztuwarıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to be born? | alatuwarıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to be born? |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Past compound tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | mentuwğan edimtuwğanemI had been born | sentuwğan ediŋtuwğaneŋyou had been born | oltuwğan edituwğanedhe had been born | biztuwğan ediktuwğanekwe had been born | siztuwğan edigiztuwğanegizyou all had been born | alatuwğan ediletuwğanellethey had been born |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | mentuwmağan edimtuwmağanemI hadn't been born | sentuwmağan ediŋtuwmağaneŋyou hadn't been born | oltuwmağan edituwmağanedhe hadn't been born | biztuwmağan ediktuwmağanekwe hadn't been born | siztuwmağan edigiztuwmağanegizyou all hadn't been born | alatuwmağan ediletuwmağanellethey hadn't been born |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | mentuwa edimtuwaemI was being born | sentuwa ediŋtuwaeŋyou were being born | oltuwa edituwaedhe was being born | biztuwa ediktuwaekwe were being born | siztuwa edigiztuwaegizyou all were being born | alatuwa ediletuwaellethey were being born |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | mentuwmay edimtuwmayemI wasn't being born | sentuwmay ediŋtuwmayeŋyou weren't being born | oltuwmay edituwmayedhe wasn't being born | biztuwmay ediktuwmayekwe weren't being born | siztuwmay edigiztuwmayegizyou all weren't being born | alatuwmay ediletuwmayellethey weren't being born |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | mentuwwçan edimtuwwçanemI used to be born | sentuwwçan ediŋtuwwçaneŋyou used to be born | oltuwwçan edituwwçanedhe used to be born | biztuwwçan ediktuwwçanekwe used to be born | siztuwwçan edigiztuwwçanegizyou all used to be born | alatuwwçan ediletuwwçanellethey used to be born |
| Habitual past (used to) | mentuwmawçan edimtuwmawçanemI didn't use to be born | sentuwmawçan ediŋtuwmawçaneŋyou didn't use to be born | oltuwmawçan edituwmawçanedhe didn't use to be born | biztuwmawçan ediktuwmawçanekwe didn't use to be born | siztuwmawçan edigiztuwmawçanegizyou all didn't use to be born | alatuwmawçan ediletuwmawçanellethey didn't use to be born |
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | oltuwub edihe had been born and remained so | alatuwub edilethey had been born and remained so | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | oltuwub tül edihe hadn't been born | alatuwub tül edilethey hadn't been born | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | mentuwub tura edimtuwub turaemI had remained born | sentuwub tura ediŋtuwub turaeŋyou had remained born | oltuwub tura edituwub turaedhe had remained born | biztuwub tura ediktuwub turaekwe had remained born | siztuwub tura edigiztuwub turaegizyou all had remained born | alatuwub tura ediletuwub turaellethey had remained born |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | mentuwub turmay edimtuwub turmayemI hadn't remained born | sentuwub turmay ediŋtuwub turmayeŋyou hadn't remained born | oltuwub turmay edituwub turmayedhe hadn't remained born | biztuwub turmay ediktuwub turmayekwe hadn't remained born | siztuwub turmay edigiztuwub turmayegizyou all hadn't remained born | alatuwub turmay ediletuwub turmayellethey hadn't remained born |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | mentuwa tura edimtuwa turaemI was in the middle of being born | sentuwa tura ediŋtuwa turaeŋyou were in the middle of being born | oltuwa tura edituwa turaedhe was in the middle of being born | biztuwa tura ediktuwa turaekwe were in the middle of being born | siztuwa tura edigiztuwa turaegizyou all were in the middle of being born | alatuwa tura ediletuwa turaellethey were in the middle of being born |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | mentuwa turmay edimtuwa turmayemI wasn't in the middle of being born | sentuwa turmay ediŋtuwa turmayeŋyou weren't in the middle of being born | oltuwa turmay edituwa turmayedhe wasn't in the middle of being born | biztuwa turmay ediktuwa turmayekwe weren't in the middle of being born | siztuwa turmay edigiztuwa turmayegizyou all weren't in the middle of being born | alatuwa turmay ediletuwa turmayellethey weren't in the middle of being born |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | mentuwar edimtuwar emI would be born | sentuwar ediŋtuwar eŋyou would be born | oltuwar edituwar edhe would be born | biztuwar ediktuwar ekwe would be born | siztuwar edigiztuwar egizyou all would be born | alatuwar ediletuwar ellethey would be born |
| Conditional result (would) | mentuwmaz edimtuwmaz emI wouldn't be born | sentuwmaz ediŋtuwmaz eŋyou wouldn't be born | oltuwmaz edituwmaz edhe wouldn't be born | biztuwmaz ediktuwmaz ekwe wouldn't be born | siztuwmaz edigiztuwmaz egizyou all wouldn't be born | alatuwmaz ediletuwmaz ellethey wouldn't be born |
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) | mentuwarıq edimtuwarıq emI would have been born | sentuwarıq ediŋtuwarıq eŋyou would have been born | oltuwarıq edituwarıq edhe would have been born | biztuwarıq ediktuwarıq ekwe would have been born | siztuwarıq edigiztuwarıq egizyou all would have been born | alatuwarıq ediletuwarıq ellethey would have been born |
| Past conditional result (would have) | mentuwarıq tül edimtuwarıq tül emI wouldn't have been born | sentuwarıq tül ediŋtuwarıq tül eŋyou wouldn't have been born | oltuwarıq tül edituwarıq tül edhe wouldn't have been born | biztuwarıq tül ediktuwarıq tül ekwe wouldn't have been born | siztuwarıq tül edigiztuwarıq tül egizyou all wouldn't have been born | alatuwarıq tül ediletuwarıq tül ellethey wouldn't have been born |
| Past conditional result (would have) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) |
Conditional
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional | mentuwsamif I am born | sentuwsaŋif you are born | oltuwsaif he is born | biztuwsaqif we are born | siztuwsağızif you all are born | alatuwsalaif they are born |
| Conditional | mentuwmasamif I am not born | sentuwmasaŋif you are not born | oltuwmasaif he is not born | biztuwmasaqif we are not born | siztuwmasağızif you all are not born | alatuwmasalaif they are not born |
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | mentuwa esemif I am being born | sentuwa eseŋif you are being born | oltuwa eseif he is being born | biztuwa esekif we are being born | siztuwa esegizif you all are being born | alatuwa eseleif they are being born |
| Conditional, present real | mentuwmay esemif I am not being born | sentuwmay eseŋif you are not being born | oltuwmay eseif he is not being born | biztuwmay esekif we are not being born | siztuwmay esegizif you all are not being born | alatuwmay eseleif they are not being born |
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | mentuwsam edituwsam edif only I was born | sentuwsaŋ edituwsaŋ edif only you was born | oltuwsa edituwsaedif only he was born | biztuwsaq edituwsaq edif only we was born | siztuwsağız edituwsağız edif only you all was born | alatuwsala edituwsalaedif only they was born |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | mentuwmasam edituwmasam edif only I didn't be born | sentuwmasaŋ edituwmasaŋ edif only you didn't be born | oltuwmasa edituwmasaedif only he didn't be born | biztuwmasaq edituwmasaq edif only we didn't be born | siztuwmasağız edituwmasağız edif only you all didn't be born | alatuwmasala edituwmasalaedif only they didn't be born |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Durative conditional | mentuwub tursamif I remain born | sentuwub tursaŋif you remain born | oltuwub tursaif he remains born | biztuwub tursaqif we remain born | siztuwub tursağızif you all remain born | alatuwub tursalaif they remain born |
| Durative conditional | mentuwub turmasamif I don't remain born | sentuwub turmasaŋif you don't remain born | oltuwub turmasaif he doesn't remain born | biztuwub turmasaqif we don't remain born | siztuwub turmasağızif you all don't remain born | alatuwub turmasalaif they don't remain born |
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | mentuwub tura esemif I have remained born | sentuwub tura eseŋif you have remained born | oltuwub tura eseif he has remained born | biztuwub tura esekif we have remained born | siztuwub tura esegizif you all have remained born | alatuwub tura eseleif they have remained born |
| Durative conditional, present real | mentuwub turmay esemif I haven't remained born | sentuwub turmay eseŋif you haven't remained born | oltuwub turmay eseif he hasn't remained born | biztuwub turmay esekif we haven't remained born | siztuwub turmay esegizif you all haven't remained born | alatuwub turmay eseleif they haven't remained born |
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | mentuwa tursamif I keep being born | sentuwa tursaŋif you keep being born | oltuwa tursaif he keeps being born | biztuwa tursaqif we keep being born | siztuwa tursağızif you all keep being born | alatuwa tursalaif they keep being born |
| Progressive conditional | mentuwmay tursamif I keep on not being born | sentuwmay tursaŋif you keep on not being born | oltuwmay tursaif he keeps on not being born | biztuwmay tursaqif we keep on not being born | siztuwmay tursağızif you all keep on not being born | alatuwmay tursalaif they keep on not being born |
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | mentuwa tura esemif I am in the middle of being born | sentuwa tura eseŋif you are in the middle of being born | oltuwa tura eseif he is in the middle of being born | biztuwa tura esekif we are in the middle of being born | siztuwa tura esegizif you all are in the middle of being born | alatuwa tura eseleif they are in the middle of being born |
| Progressive conditional, present real | mentuwmay tura esemif I keep on not being born | sentuwmay tura eseŋif you keep on not being born | oltuwmay tura eseif he keeps on not being born | biztuwmay tura esekif we keep on not being born | siztuwmay tura esegizif you all keep on not being born | alatuwmay tura eseleif they keep on not being born |
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past1 | mentuwdum esemif I was born | sentuwduŋ eseŋif you were born | oltuwdu eseif he was born | biztuwduq esekif we were born | siztuwduğuz esegizif you all were born | alatuwdula eseleif they were born |
| Conditional, definite past1 | mentuwmadım esemif I wasn't born | sentuwmadıŋ eseŋif you weren't born | oltuwmadı eseif he wasn't born | biztuwmadıq esekif we weren't born | siztuwmadığız esegizif you all weren't born | alatuwmadıla eseleif they weren't born |
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | mentuwğan esemif I was born (indeed) | sentuwğan eseŋif you were born (indeed) | oltuwğan eseif he was born (indeed) | biztuwğan esekif we were born (indeed) | siztuwğan esegizif you all were born (indeed) | alatuwğan eseleif they were born (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | mentuwmağan esemif I wasn't born (indeed) | sentuwmağan eseŋif you weren't born (indeed) | oltuwmağan eseif he wasn't born (indeed) | biztuwmağan esekif we weren't born (indeed) | siztuwmağan esegizif you all weren't born (indeed) | alatuwmağan eseleif they weren't born (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | mentuwğan bolsamif I had been born | sentuwğan bolsaŋif you had been born | oltuwğan bolsaif he had been born | biztuwğan bolsaqif we had been born | siztuwğan bolsağızif you all had been born | alatuwğan bolsalaif they had been born |
| Conditional, counterfactual | mentuwmağan bolsamif I hadn't been born | sentuwmağan bolsaŋif you hadn't been born | oltuwmağan bolsaif he hadn't been born | biztuwmağan bolsaqif we hadn't been born | siztuwmağan bolsağızif you all hadn't been born | alatuwmağan bolsalaif they hadn't been born |
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | mentuwğan bolsam edituwğan bolsam edif only I had been born | sentuwğan bolsaŋ edituwğan bolsaŋ edif only you had been born | oltuwğan bolsa edituwğan bolsaedif only he had been born | biztuwğan bolsaq edituwğan bolsaq edif only we had been born | siztuwğan bolsağız edituwğan bolsağız edif only you all had been born | alatuwğan bolsala edituwğan bolsalaedif only they had been born |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | mentuwmağan bolsam edituwmağan bolsam edif only I hadn't been born | sentuwmağan bolsaŋ edituwmağan bolsaŋ edif only you hadn't been born | oltuwmağan bolsa edituwmağan bolsaedif only he hadn't been born | biztuwmağan bolsaq edituwmağan bolsaq edif only we hadn't been born | siztuwmağan bolsağız edituwmağan bolsağız edif only you all hadn't been born | alatuwmağan bolsala edituwmağan bolsalaedif only they hadn't been born |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | mentuwar esemif I will be born | sentuwar eseŋif you will be born | oltuwar eseif he will be born | biztuwar esekif we will be born | siztuwar esegizif you all will be born | alatuwar eseleif they will be born |
| Conditional, aorist | mentuwmaz esemif I won't be born | sentuwmaz eseŋif you won't be born | oltuwmaz eseif he won't be born | biztuwmaz esekif we won't be born | siztuwmaz esegizif you all won't be born | alatuwmaz eseleif they won't be born |
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, future | mentuwarıq esemif I am going to be born | sentuwarıq eseŋif you are going to be born | oltuwarıq eseif he is going to be born | biztuwarıq esekif we are going to be born | siztuwarıq esegizif you all are going to be born | alatuwarıq eseleif they are going to be born |
| Conditional, future | mentuwarıq tül esemif I am not going to be born | sentuwarıq tül eseŋif you are not going to be born | oltuwarıq tül eseif he is not going to be born | biztuwarıq tül esekif we are not going to be born | siztuwarıq tül esegizif you all are not going to be born | alatuwarıq tül eseleif they are not going to be born |
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future | mentuwarıq bolsamif I were going to be born | sentuwarıq bolsaŋif you were going to be born | oltuwarıq bolsaif he were going to be born | biztuwarıq bolsaqif we were going to be born | siztuwarıq bolsağızif you all were going to be born | alatuwarıq bolsalaif they were going to be born |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | mentuwmazlıq bolsamif I were not going to be born | sentuwmazlıq bolsaŋif you were not going to be born | oltuwmazlıq bolsaif he were not going to be born | biztuwmazlıq bolsaqif we were not going to be born | siztuwmazlıq bolsağızif you all were not going to be born | alatuwmazlıq bolsalaif they were not going to be born |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Conditional, definite pastalso tuwduŋ ese: the person on the verb only (Байрамкулов and Урусбиев 1967 § 110)
Inferential
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present (must be doing) | mentuwa bolurmaI must be being born | sentuwa bolursayou must be being born | oltuwa bolurhe must be being born | biztuwa bolurbuzwe must be being born | siztuwa bolursuzyou all must be being born | alatuwa bolurlathey must be being born |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | mentuwmay bolurmaI must not be being born | sentuwmay bolursayou must not be being born | oltuwmay bolurhe must not be being born | biztuwmay bolurbuzwe must not be being born | siztuwmay bolursuzyou all must not be being born | alatuwmay bolurlathey must not be being born |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | mentuwa tura bolurmaI must be in the middle of being born | sentuwa tura bolursayou must be in the middle of being born | oltuwa tura bolurhe must be in the middle of being born | biztuwa tura bolurbuzwe must be in the middle of being born | siztuwa tura bolursuzyou all must be in the middle of being born | alatuwa tura bolurlathey must be in the middle of being born |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | mentuwmay tura bolurmaI must keep on not being born | sentuwmay tura bolursayou must keep on not being born | oltuwmay tura bolurhe must keep on not being born | biztuwmay tura bolurbuzwe must keep on not being born | siztuwmay tura bolursuzyou all must keep on not being born | alatuwmay tura bolurlathey must keep on not being born |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | mentuwğan bolurmaI must have been born | sentuwğan bolursayou must have been born | oltuwğan bolurhe must have been born | biztuwğan bolurbuzwe must have been born | siztuwğan bolursuzyou all must have been born | alatuwğan bolurlathey must have been born |
| Inference (must have) | mentuwmağan bolurmaI must not have been born | sentuwmağan bolursayou must not have been born | oltuwmağan bolurhe must not have been born | biztuwmağan bolurbuzwe must not have been born | siztuwmağan bolursuzyou all must not have been born | alatuwmağan bolurlathey must not have been born |
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) | mentuwarıq bolurmaI must be going to be born | sentuwarıq bolursayou must be going to be born | oltuwarıq bolurhe must be going to be born | biztuwarıq bolurbuzwe must be going to be born | siztuwarıq bolursuzyou all must be going to be born | alatuwarıq bolurlathey must be going to be born |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | mentuwmazlıq bolurmaI must not be going to be born | sentuwmazlıq bolursayou must not be going to be born | oltuwmazlıq bolurhe must not be going to be born | biztuwmazlıq bolurbuzwe must not be going to be born | siztuwmazlıq bolursuzyou all must not be going to be born | alatuwmazlıq bolurlathey must not be going to be born |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Commands, requests and wishes
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commands & suggestions | mentuwayımlet me be born | sentuw!be born! | oltuwsunlet him be born | biztuwayıqlet's be born | siztuwuğuz!be born, you all! | alatuwsunlalet them be born |
| Commands & suggestions | mentuwmayımlet me not be born | sentuwma!don't be born! | oltuwmasınlet him not be born | biztuwmayıqlet's not be born | siztuwmağız!don't be born, you all! | alatuwmasınlalet them not be born |
| Commands & suggestions | mentuwayımmı?shall I be born? | oltuwsunmu?should he be born? | biztuwayıqmı?shall we be born? | alatuwsunlamı?should they be born? | ||
| Commands & suggestions | mentuwmayımmı?shall I not be born? | oltuwmasınmı?should he not be born? | biztuwmayıqmı?shall we not be born? | alatuwmasınlamı?should they not be born? | ||
| Requests | sentuwçu2tuwçunplease be born | oltuwsunçudo let him be born | siztuwçuğuzplease be born (plural/polite) | alatuwsunlaçıdo let them be born | ||
| Requests | sentuwmaçı2tuwmaçınplease don't be born | oltuwmasınçıdo let him not be born | siztuwmaçığızplease don't be born (plural/polite) | alatuwmasınlaçıdo let them not be born | ||
| Requests | ||||||
| Requests | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | sentuwğuntuwğumay you be born | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | sentuwmağıntuwmağımay you not be born | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | mentuwğay edim tuwğa edimwould that I were born | sentuwğay ediŋ tuwğa ediŋwould that you were born | oltuwğay edi tuwğa ediwould that he were born | biztuwğay edik tuwğa edikwould that we were born | siztuwğay edigiz tuwğa edigizwould that you all were born | alatuwğay edile tuwğa edilewould that they were born |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | mentuwmağay edim tuwmağa edimwould that I were not born | sentuwmağay ediŋ tuwmağa ediŋwould that you were not born | oltuwmağay edi tuwmağa ediwould that he were not born | biztuwmağay edik tuwmağa edikwould that we were not born | siztuwmağay edigiz tuwmağa edigizwould that you all were not born | alatuwmağay edile tuwmağa edilewould that they were not born |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Let someone… (commands) | mentuwmağa qoyayımtuwma qoyayımlet me allow someone to be born | sentuwmağa qoy!tuwma qoy!let someone be born! | oltuwmağa qoysuntuwma qoysunlet him allow someone to be born | biztuwmağa qoyayıqtuwma qoyayıqlet's allow someone to be born | siztuwmağa qoyuğuz!tuwma qoyuğuz!let someone be born, you all! | alatuwmağa qoysunlatuwma qoysunlalet them allow someone to be born |
| Let someone… (commands) | mentuwmağa qoymayımtuwma qoymayımlet me not allow someone to be born | sentuwmağa qoyma!tuwma qoyma!don't let someone be born! | oltuwmağa qoymasıntuwma qoymasınlet him not allow someone to be born | biztuwmağa qoymayıqtuwma qoymayıqlet's not allow someone to be born | siztuwmağa qoymağız!tuwma qoymağız!don't let someone be born, you all! | alatuwmağa qoymasınlatuwma qoymasınlalet them not allow someone to be born |
| Let someone… (commands) | mentuwmağa qoyayımmı?tuwma qoyayımmı?shall I allow someone to be born? | oltuwmağa qoysunmu?tuwma qoysunmu?should he allow someone to be born? | biztuwmağa qoyayıqmı?tuwma qoyayıqmı?shall we allow someone to be born? | alatuwmağa qoysunlamı?tuwma qoysunlamı?should they allow someone to be born? | ||
| Let someone… (commands) | mentuwmağa qoymayımmı?tuwma qoymayımmı?shall I not allow someone to be born? | oltuwmağa qoymasınmı?tuwma qoymasınmı?should he not allow someone to be born? | biztuwmağa qoymayıqmı?tuwma qoymayıqmı?shall we not allow someone to be born? | alatuwmağa qoymasınlamı?tuwma qoymasınlamı?should they not allow someone to be born? | ||
| Let someone… (present) | mentuwmağa qoyamatuwma qoyamaI allow someone to be born | sentuwmağa qoyasatuwma qoyasayou allow someone to be born | oltuwmağa qoyadıtuwma qoyadıhe allows someone to be born | biztuwmağa qoyabıztuwma qoyabızwe allow someone to be born | siztuwmağa qoyasıztuwma qoyasızyou all allow someone to be born | alatuwmağa qoyadılatuwma qoyadılathey allow someone to be born |
| Let someone… (present) | mentuwmağa qoymaymatuwma qoymaymaI don't allow someone to be born | sentuwmağa qoymaysatuwma qoymaysayou don't allow someone to be born | oltuwmağa qoymaydıtuwma qoymaydıhe doesn't allow someone to be born | biztuwmağa qoymaybıztuwma qoymaybızwe don't allow someone to be born | siztuwmağa qoymaysıztuwma qoymaysızyou all don't allow someone to be born | alatuwmağa qoymaydılatuwma qoymaydılathey don't allow someone to be born |
| Let someone… (present) | mentuwmağa qoyamamı?tuwma qoyamamı?do I allow someone to be born? | sentuwmağa qoyamısa?tuwma qoyamısa?do you allow someone to be born? | oltuwmağa qoyamıdı?tuwma qoyamıdı?does he allow someone to be born? | biztuwmağa qoyabızmı?tuwma qoyabızmı?do we allow someone to be born? | siztuwmağa qoyamısız?tuwma qoyamısız?do you all allow someone to be born? | alatuwmağa qoyamıdıla?tuwma qoyamıdıla?do they allow someone to be born? |
| Let someone… (present) | mentuwmağa qoymaymamı?tuwma qoymaymamı?don't I allow someone to be born? | sentuwmağa qoymaymısa?tuwma qoymaymısa?don't you allow someone to be born? | oltuwmağa qoymaymıdı?tuwma qoymaymıdı?doesn't he allow someone to be born? | biztuwmağa qoymaybızmı?tuwma qoymaybızmı?don't we allow someone to be born? | siztuwmağa qoymaymısız?tuwma qoymaymısız?don't you all allow someone to be born? | alatuwmağa qoymaymıdıla?tuwma qoymaymıdıla?don't they allow someone to be born? |
| Let someone… (past) | mentuwmağa qoydumtuwma qoydumI allowed someone to be born | sentuwmağa qoyduŋtuwma qoyduŋyou allowed someone to be born | oltuwmağa qoydutuwma qoyduhe allowed someone to be born | biztuwmağa qoyduqtuwma qoyduqwe allowed someone to be born | siztuwmağa qoyduğuztuwma qoyduğuzyou all allowed someone to be born | alatuwmağa qoydulatuwma qoydulathey allowed someone to be born |
| Let someone… (past) | mentuwmağa qoymadımtuwma qoymadımI didn't allow someone to be born | sentuwmağa qoymadıŋtuwma qoymadıŋyou didn't allow someone to be born | oltuwmağa qoymadıtuwma qoymadıhe didn't allow someone to be born | biztuwmağa qoymadıqtuwma qoymadıqwe didn't allow someone to be born | siztuwmağa qoymadığıztuwma qoymadığızyou all didn't allow someone to be born | alatuwmağa qoymadılatuwma qoymadılathey didn't allow someone to be born |
| Let someone… (past) | mentuwmağa qoydummu?tuwma qoydummu?did I allow someone to be born? | sentuwmağa qoyduŋmu?tuwma qoyduŋmu?did you allow someone to be born? | oltuwmağa qoydumu?tuwma qoydumu?did he allow someone to be born? | biztuwmağa qoyduqmu?tuwma qoyduqmu?did we allow someone to be born? | siztuwmağa qoyduğuzmu?tuwma qoyduğuzmu?did you all allow someone to be born? | alatuwmağa qoydulamı?tuwma qoydulamı?did they allow someone to be born? |
| Let someone… (past) | mentuwmağa qoymadımmı?tuwma qoymadımmı?didn't I allow someone to be born? | sentuwmağa qoymadıŋmı?tuwma qoymadıŋmı?didn't you allow someone to be born? | oltuwmağa qoymadımı?tuwma qoymadımı?didn't he allow someone to be born? | biztuwmağa qoymadıqmı?tuwma qoymadıqmı?didn't we allow someone to be born? | siztuwmağa qoymadığızmı?tuwma qoymadığızmı?didn't you all allow someone to be born? | alatuwmağa qoymadılamı?tuwma qoymadılamı?didn't they allow someone to be born? |
- RequestsSpoken variant: singular requests can add a final nasal consonant, with the same request meaning.
Ability
tuwalırğa be able to be born · tuwalmazğa be unable to be born
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ability — present | mentuwalamaI can be born | sentuwalasayou can be born | oltuwaladıhe can be born | biztuwalabızwe can be born | siztuwalasızyou all can be born | alatuwaladılathey can be born |
| Ability — present | mentuwalmaymaI can't be born | sentuwalmaysayou can't be born | oltuwalmaydıhe can't be born | biztuwalmaybızwe can't be born | siztuwalmaysızyou all can't be born | alatuwalmaydılathey can't be born |
| Ability — present | mentuwalamamı? tuwalamıma?can I be born? | sentuwalamısa?can you be born? | oltuwalamıdı?can he be born? | biztuwalabızmı? tuwalamıbız?can we be born? | siztuwalamısız?can you all be born? | alatuwalamıdıla?can they be born? |
| Ability — present | mentuwalmaymamı? tuwalmaymıma?can't I be born? | sentuwalmaymısa?can't you be born? | oltuwalmaymıdı?can't he be born? | biztuwalmaybızmı? tuwalmaymıbız?can't we be born? | siztuwalmaymısız?can't you all be born? | alatuwalmaymıdıla?can't they be born? |
| Ability — if I can… | mentuwalsamif I can be born | sentuwalsaŋif you can be born | oltuwalsaif he can be born | biztuwalsaqif we can be born | siztuwalsağızif you all can be born | alatuwalsalaif they can be born |
| Ability — if I can… | mentuwalmasamif I can't be born | sentuwalmasaŋif you can't be born | oltuwalmasaif he can't be born | biztuwalmasaqif we can't be born | siztuwalmasağızif you all can't be born | alatuwalmasalaif they can't be born |
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — simple past | mentuwaldımI was able to be born | sentuwaldıŋyou were able to be born | oltuwaldıhe was able to be born | biztuwaldıqwe were able to be born | siztuwaldığızyou all were able to be born | alatuwaldılathey were able to be born |
| Ability — simple past | mentuwalmadımI could not be born | sentuwalmadıŋyou could not be born | oltuwalmadıhe could not be born | biztuwalmadıqwe could not be born | siztuwalmadığızyou all could not be born | alatuwalmadılathey could not be born |
| Ability — simple past | mentuwaldımmı?was I able to be born? | sentuwaldıŋmı?were you able to be born? | oltuwaldımı?was he able to be born? | biztuwaldıqmı?were we able to be born? | siztuwaldığızmı?were you all able to be born? | alatuwaldılamı?were they able to be born? |
| Ability — simple past | mentuwalmadımmı?couldn't I be born? | sentuwalmadıŋmı?couldn't you be born? | oltuwalmadımı?couldn't he be born? | biztuwalmadıqmı?couldn't we be born? | siztuwalmadığızmı?couldn't you all be born? | alatuwalmadılamı?couldn't they be born? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | mentuwalğanmaI have been able to be born | sentuwalğansayou have been able to be born | oltuwalğandıhe has been able to be born | biztuwalğanbızwe have been able to be born | siztuwalğansızyou all have been able to be born | alatuwalğandılathey have been able to be born |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | mentuwalmağanmaI haven't been able to be born | sentuwalmağansayou haven't been able to be born | oltuwalmağandıhe hasn't been able to be born | biztuwalmağanbızwe haven't been able to be born | siztuwalmağansızyou all haven't been able to be born | alatuwalmağandılathey haven't been able to be born |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | mentuwalğanmamı? tuwalğanmıma?have I been able to be born? | sentuwalğanmısa?have you been able to be born? | oltuwalğanmıdı?has he been able to be born? | biztuwalğanbızmı? tuwalğanmıbız?have we been able to be born? | siztuwalğanmısız?have you all been able to be born? | alatuwalğanmıdıla?have they been able to be born? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | mentuwalmağanmamı? tuwalmağanmıma?haven't I been able to be born? | sentuwalmağanmısa?haven't you been able to be born? | oltuwalmağanmıdı?hasn't he been able to be born? | biztuwalmağanbızmı? tuwalmağanmıbız?haven't we been able to be born? | siztuwalmağanmısız?haven't you all been able to be born? | alatuwalmağanmıdıla?haven't they been able to be born? |
| Ability — past perfect | mentuwalğan edimtuwalğanemI had been able to be born | sentuwalğan ediŋtuwalğaneŋyou had been able to be born | oltuwalğan edituwalğanedhe had been able to be born | biztuwalğan ediktuwalğanekwe had been able to be born | siztuwalğan edigiztuwalğanegizyou all had been able to be born | alatuwalğan ediletuwalğanellethey had been able to be born |
| Ability — past perfect | mentuwalmağan edimtuwalmağanemI hadn't been able to be born | sentuwalmağan ediŋtuwalmağaneŋyou hadn't been able to be born | oltuwalmağan edituwalmağanedhe hadn't been able to be born | biztuwalmağan ediktuwalmağanekwe hadn't been able to be born | siztuwalmağan edigiztuwalmağanegizyou all hadn't been able to be born | alatuwalmağan ediletuwalmağanellethey hadn't been able to be born |
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past background | mentuwala edimtuwalaemI could be born | sentuwala ediŋtuwalaeŋyou could be born | oltuwala edituwalaedhe could be born | biztuwala ediktuwalaekwe could be born | siztuwala edigiztuwalaegizyou all could be born | alatuwala ediletuwalaellethey could be born |
| Ability — past background | mentuwalmay edimtuwalmayemI could not be born | sentuwalmay ediŋtuwalmayeŋyou could not be born | oltuwalmay edituwalmayedhe could not be born | biztuwalmay ediktuwalmayekwe could not be born | siztuwalmay edigiztuwalmayegizyou all could not be born | alatuwalmay ediletuwalmayellethey could not be born |
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — future I | mentuwalırmaI will be able to be born | sentuwalırsayou will be able to be born | oltuwalırhe will be able to be born | biztuwalırbızwe will be able to be born | siztuwalırsızyou all will be able to be born | alatuwalırlathey will be able to be born |
| Ability — future I | mentuwalmazmaI won't be able to be born | sentuwalmazsayou won't be able to be born | oltuwalmazhe won't be able to be born | biztuwalmazbızwe won't be able to be born | siztuwalmazsızyou all won't be able to be born | alatuwalmazlathey won't be able to be born |
| Ability — future I | mentuwalırmamı? tuwalırmıma?will I be able to be born? | sentuwalırmısa?will you be able to be born? | oltuwalırmı?will he be able to be born? | biztuwalırbızmı? tuwalırmıbız?will we be able to be born? | siztuwalırmısız?will you all be able to be born? | alatuwalırlamı? tuwalırmıla?will they be able to be born? |
| Ability — future I | mentuwalmazmamı? tuwalmazmıma?won't I be able to be born? | sentuwalmazmısa?won't you be able to be born? | oltuwalmazmı?won't he be able to be born? | biztuwalmazbızmı? tuwalmazmıbız?won't we be able to be born? | siztuwalmazmısız?won't you all be able to be born? | alatuwalmazlamı? tuwalmazmıla?won't they be able to be born? |
| Ability — future II | mentuwallıqmaI am going to be able to be born | sentuwallıqsayou are going to be able to be born | oltuwallıqdıhe is going to be able to be born | biztuwallıqbızwe are going to be able to be born | siztuwallıqsızyou all are going to be able to be born | alatuwallıqdılathey are going to be able to be born |
| Ability — future II | mentuwallıq tülmeI am not going to be able to be born | sentuwallıq tülseyou are not going to be able to be born | oltuwallıq tüldühe is not going to be able to be born | biztuwallıq tülbüzwe are not going to be able to be born | siztuwallıq tülsüzyou all are not going to be able to be born | alatuwallıq tüldülethey are not going to be able to be born |
| Ability — future II | mentuwallıqmamı? tuwallıqmıma?am I going to be able to be born? | sentuwallıqmısa?are you going to be able to be born? | oltuwallıqmıdı?is he going to be able to be born? | biztuwallıqbızmı? tuwallıqmıbız?are we going to be able to be born? | siztuwallıqmısız?are you all going to be able to be born? | alatuwallıqmıdıla?are they going to be able to be born? |
| Ability — future II | mentuwallıq tülmüme?aren't I going to be able to be born? | sentuwallıq tülmüse?aren't you going to be able to be born? | oltuwallıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to be able to be born? | biztuwallıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to be able to be born? | siztuwallıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to be able to be born? | alatuwallıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to be able to be born? |
| Ability — would be able to… | mentuwalır edimtuwalır emI would be able to be born | sentuwalır ediŋtuwalır eŋyou would be able to be born | oltuwalır edituwalır edhe would be able to be born | biztuwalır ediktuwalır ekwe would be able to be born | siztuwalır edigiztuwalır egizyou all would be able to be born | alatuwalır ediletuwalır ellethey would be able to be born |
| Ability — would be able to… | mentuwalmaz edimtuwalmaz emI wouldn't be able to be born | sentuwalmaz ediŋtuwalmaz eŋyou wouldn't be able to be born | oltuwalmaz edituwalmaz edhe wouldn't be able to be born | biztuwalmaz ediktuwalmaz ekwe wouldn't be able to be born | siztuwalmaz edigiztuwalmaz egizyou all wouldn't be able to be born | alatuwalmaz ediletuwalmaz ellethey wouldn't be able to be born |
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability | sentuwalğıntuwalğımay you be able to be born | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | sentuwalmağıntuwalmağımay you not be able to be born | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability |
With another word
| Frame | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wanting and intending | ||||||
| want to | mentuwarğa izleymeI want to be born | sentuwarğa izleyseyou want to be born | oltuwarğa izleydihe wants to be born | biztuwarğa izleybizwe want to be born | siztuwarğa izleysizyou all want to be born | alatuwarğa izleydilethey want to be born |
| want to | mentuwarğa izlemeymeI do not want to be born | sentuwarğa izlemeyseyou do not want to be born | oltuwarğa izlemeydihe does not want to be born | biztuwarğa izlemeybizwe do not want to be born | siztuwarğa izlemeysizyou all do not want to be born | alatuwarğa izlemeydilethey do not want to be born |
| would like to | mentuwarğa süemeI would like to be born | sentuwarğa süeseyou would like to be born | oltuwarğa süedihe would like to be born | biztuwarğa süebizwe would like to be born | siztuwarğa süesizyou all would like to be born | alatuwarğa süedilethey would like to be born |
| would like to | mentuwarğa süymeymeI would not like to be born | sentuwarğa süymeyseyou would not like to be born | oltuwarğa süymeydihe would not like to be born | biztuwarğa süymeybizwe would not like to be born | siztuwarğa süymeysizyou all would not like to be born | alatuwarğa süymeydilethey would not like to be born |
| hope to | mentuwarğa umutlanamaI hope to be born | sentuwarğa umutlanasayou hope to be born | oltuwarğa umutlanadıhe hopes to be born | biztuwarğa umutlanabızwe hope to be born | siztuwarğa umutlanasızyou all hope to be born | alatuwarğa umutlanadılathey hope to be born |
| hope to | mentuwarğa umutlanmaymaI do not hope to be born | sentuwarğa umutlanmaysayou do not hope to be born | oltuwarğa umutlanmaydıhe does not hope to be born | biztuwarğa umutlanmaybızwe do not hope to be born | siztuwarğa umutlanmaysızyou all do not hope to be born | alatuwarğa umutlanmaydılathey do not hope to be born |
| be about to | mentuwarğa deb turamaI am about to be born | sentuwarğa deb turasayou are about to be born | oltuwarğa deb turadıhe is about to be born | biztuwarğa deb turabızwe are about to be born | siztuwarğa deb turasızyou all are about to be born | alatuwarğa deb turadılathey are about to be born |
| be about to | mentuwarğa deb turmaymaI am not about to be born | sentuwarğa deb turmaysayou are not about to be born | oltuwarğa deb turmaydıhe is not about to be born | biztuwarğa deb turmaybızwe are not about to be born | siztuwarğa deb turmaysızyou all are not about to be born | alatuwarğa deb turmaydılathey are not about to be born |
| Need and obligation | ||||||
| need to | mentuwarğa kerekmeI need to be born | sentuwarğa kerekseyou need to be born | oltuwarğa kerekdihe needs to be born | biztuwarğa kerekbizwe need to be born | siztuwarğa kereksizyou all need to be born | alatuwarğa kerekdilethey need to be born |
| need to | mentuwarğa kerek tülmeI do not need to be born | sentuwarğa kerek tülseyou do not need to be born | oltuwarğa kerek tüldühe does not need to be born | biztuwarğa kerek tülbüzwe do not need to be born | siztuwarğa kerek tülsüzyou all do not need to be born | alatuwarğa kerek tüldülethey do not need to be born |
| have to | menmenŋe tuwarğa tüşediI have to be born | sensenŋe tuwarğa tüşediyou have to be born | olaŋa tuwarğa tüşedihe has to be born | bizbizge tuwarğa tüşediwe have to be born | sizsizge tuwarğa tüşediyou all have to be born | alaalağa tuwarğa tüşedithey have to be born |
| have to | menmenŋe tuwarğa tüşmeydiI do not have to be born | sensenŋe tuwarğa tüşmeydiyou do not have to be born | olaŋa tuwarğa tüşmeydihe does not have to be born | bizbizge tuwarğa tüşmeydiwe do not have to be born | sizsizge tuwarğa tüşmeydiyou all do not have to be born | alaalağa tuwarğa tüşmeydithey do not have to be born |
| be obliged to | mentuwarğa borçlumaI am obliged to be born | sentuwarğa borçlusayou are obliged to be born | oltuwarğa borçluduhe is obliged to be born | biztuwarğa borçlubuzwe are obliged to be born | siztuwarğa borçlusuzyou all are obliged to be born | alatuwarğa borçludulathey are obliged to be born |
| be obliged to | mentuwarğa borçlu tülmeI am not obliged to be born | sentuwarğa borçlu tülseyou are not obliged to be born | oltuwarğa borçlu tüldühe is not obliged to be born | biztuwarğa borçlu tülbüzwe are not obliged to be born | siztuwarğa borçlu tülsüzyou all are not obliged to be born | alatuwarğa borçlu tüldülethey are not obliged to be born |
| Possibility and permission | ||||||
| have a way to | mentuwarğa madarım bardıI have a way to be born | sentuwarğa madarıŋ bardıyou have a way to be born | oltuwarğa madarı bardıhe has a way to be born | biztuwarğa madarıbız bardıwe have a way to be born | siztuwarğa madarığız bardıyou all have a way to be born | alatuwarğa madarları bardıthey have a way to be born |
| have a way to | mentuwarğa madarım joqduI have no way to be born | sentuwarğa madarıŋ joqduyou have no way to be born | oltuwarğa madarı joqduhe has no way to be born | biztuwarğa madarıbız joqduwe have no way to be born | siztuwarğa madarığız joqduyou all have no way to be born | alatuwarğa madarları joqduthey have no way to be born |
| be free to | mentuwarğa erkinligim bardıI am free to be born | sentuwarğa erkinligiŋ bardıyou are free to be born | oltuwarğa erkinligi bardıhe is free to be born | biztuwarğa erkinligibiz bardıwe are free to be born | siztuwarğa erkinligigiz bardıyou all are free to be born | alatuwarğa erkinlikleri bardıthey are free to be born |
| be free to | mentuwarğa erkinligim joqduI am not free to be born | sentuwarğa erkinligiŋ joqduyou are not free to be born | oltuwarğa erkinligi joqduhe is not free to be born | biztuwarğa erkinligibiz joqduwe are not free to be born | siztuwarğa erkinligigiz joqduyou all are not free to be born | alatuwarğa erkinlikleri joqduthey are not free to be born |
| be possible to | menmenŋe tuwarğa bolluqduit is possible for me to be born | sensenŋe tuwarğa bolluqduit is possible for you to be born | olaŋa tuwarğa bolluqduit is possible for him to be born | bizbizge tuwarğa bolluqduit is possible for us to be born | sizsizge tuwarğa bolluqduit is possible for you all to be born | alaalağa tuwarğa bolluqduit is possible for them to be born |
| be possible to | menmenŋe tuwarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for me to be born | sensenŋe tuwarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you to be born | olaŋa tuwarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for him to be born | bizbizge tuwarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for us to be born | sizsizge tuwarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you all to be born | alaalağa tuwarğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for them to be born |
| be ready to | mentuwarğa hazırmaI am ready to be born | sentuwarğa hazırsayou are ready to be born | oltuwarğa hazırdıhe is ready to be born | biztuwarğa hazırbızwe are ready to be born | siztuwarğa hazırsızyou all are ready to be born | alatuwarğa hazırdılathey are ready to be born |
| be ready to | mentuwarğa hazır tülmeI am not ready to be born | sentuwarğa hazır tülseyou are not ready to be born | oltuwarğa hazır tüldühe is not ready to be born | biztuwarğa hazır tülbüzwe are not ready to be born | siztuwarğa hazır tülsüzyou all are not ready to be born | alatuwarğa hazır tüldülethey are not ready to be born |
| Trying, agreeing, hurrying, fearing | ||||||
| try to | mentuwarğa küreşemeI am trying to be born | sentuwarğa küreşeseyou are trying to be born | oltuwarğa küreşedihe is trying to be born | biztuwarğa küreşebizwe are trying to be born | siztuwarğa küreşesizyou all are trying to be born | alatuwarğa küreşedilethey are trying to be born |
| try to | mentuwarğa küreşmeymeI am not trying to be born | sentuwarğa küreşmeyseyou are not trying to be born | oltuwarğa küreşmeydihe is not trying to be born | biztuwarğa küreşmeybizwe are not trying to be born | siztuwarğa küreşmeysizyou all are not trying to be born | alatuwarğa küreşmeydilethey are not trying to be born |
| agree to | mentuwarğa unaymaI agree to be born | sentuwarğa unaysayou agree to be born | oltuwarğa unaydıhe agrees to be born | biztuwarğa unaybızwe agree to be born | siztuwarğa unaysızyou all agree to be born | alatuwarğa unaydılathey agree to be born |
| agree to | mentuwarğa unamaymaI refuse to be born | sentuwarğa unamaysayou refuse to be born | oltuwarğa unamaydıhe refuses to be born | biztuwarğa unamaybızwe refuse to be born | siztuwarğa unamaysızyou all refuse to be born | alatuwarğa unamaydılathey refuse to be born |
| hurry to | mentuwarğa aşığamaI am in a hurry to be born | sentuwarğa aşığasayou are in a hurry to be born | oltuwarğa aşığadıhe is in a hurry to be born | biztuwarğa aşığabızwe are in a hurry to be born | siztuwarğa aşığasızyou all are in a hurry to be born | alatuwarğa aşığadılathey are in a hurry to be born |
| hurry to | mentuwarğa aşıqmaymaI am in no hurry to be born | sentuwarğa aşıqmaysayou are in no hurry to be born | oltuwarğa aşıqmaydıhe is in no hurry to be born | biztuwarğa aşıqmaybızwe are in no hurry to be born | siztuwarğa aşıqmaysızyou all are in no hurry to be born | alatuwarğa aşıqmaydılathey are in no hurry to be born |
| be afraid to | mentuwarğa qorqamaI am afraid to be born | sentuwarğa qorqasayou are afraid to be born | oltuwarğa qorqadıhe is afraid to be born | biztuwarğa qorqabızwe are afraid to be born | siztuwarğa qorqasızyou all are afraid to be born | alatuwarğa qorqadılathey are afraid to be born |
| be afraid to | mentuwarğa qorqmaymaI am not afraid to be born | sentuwarğa qorqmaysayou are not afraid to be born | oltuwarğa qorqmaydıhe is not afraid to be born | biztuwarğa qorqmaybızwe are not afraid to be born | siztuwarğa qorqmaysızyou all are not afraid to be born | alatuwarğa qorqmaydılathey are not afraid to be born |
Emphatic and rare forms
| Form | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present — auxiliary negated | mentuwa bolmazmaI can't be being born | sentuwa bolmazsayou can't be being born | oltuwa bolmazhe can't be being born | biztuwa bolmazbızwe can't be being born | siztuwa bolmazsızyou all can't be being born | alatuwa bolmazlathey can't be being born |
| Inference, present — double negation | mentuwmay bolmazmaI must be being born (emphatic) | sentuwmay bolmazsayou must be being born (emphatic) | oltuwmay bolmazhe must be being born (emphatic) | biztuwmay bolmazbızwe must be being born (emphatic) | siztuwmay bolmazsızyou all must be being born (emphatic) | alatuwmay bolmazlathey must be being born (emphatic) |
| Progressive conditional — auxiliary negated | mentuwa turmasamif I don't keep being born | sentuwa turmasaŋif you don't keep being born | oltuwa turmasaif he doesn't keep being born | biztuwa turmasaqif we don't keep being born | siztuwa turmasağızif you all don't keep being born | alatuwa turmasalaif they don't keep being born |
| Inference, progressive — auxiliary negated | mentuwa tura bolmazmaI can't be in the middle of being born | sentuwa tura bolmazsayou can't be in the middle of being born | oltuwa tura bolmazhe can't be in the middle of being born | biztuwa tura bolmazbızwe can't be in the middle of being born | siztuwa tura bolmazsızyou all can't be in the middle of being born | alatuwa tura bolmazlathey can't be in the middle of being born |
| Inference, progressive — double negation | mentuwmay tura bolmazmaI must keep on not being born (emphatic) | sentuwmay tura bolmazsayou must keep on not being born (emphatic) | oltuwmay tura bolmazhe must keep on not being born (emphatic) | biztuwmay tura bolmazbızwe must keep on not being born (emphatic) | siztuwmay tura bolmazsızyou all must keep on not being born (emphatic) | alatuwmay tura bolmazlathey must keep on not being born (emphatic) |
| Progressive — verb negated | mentuwmay turamaI keep on not being born | sentuwmay turasayou keep on not being born | oltuwmay turadıhe keeps on not being born | biztuwmay turabızwe keep on not being born | siztuwmay turasızyou all keep on not being born | alatuwmay turadılathey keep on not being born |
| Progressive — double negation | mentuwmay turmaymaI am not keeping on not being born | sentuwmay turmaysayou are not keeping on not being born | oltuwmay turmaydıhe is not keeping on not being born | biztuwmay turmaybızwe are not keeping on not being born | siztuwmay turmaysızyou all are not keeping on not being born | alatuwmay turmaydılathey are not keeping on not being born |
| Progressive — double negation | mentuwmay turmaymımaaren't I keeping on not being born? | sentuwmay turmaymısaaren't you keeping on not being born? | oltuwmay turmaymıdıisn't he keeping on not being born? | biztuwmay turmaymıbızaren't we keeping on not being born? | siztuwmay turmaymısızaren't you all keeping on not being born? | alatuwmay turmaymıdılaaren't they keeping on not being born? |
| Inference — auxiliary negated | mentuwğan bolmazmaI can't have been born | sentuwğan bolmazsayou can't have been born | oltuwğan bolmazhe can't have been born | biztuwğan bolmazbızwe can't have been born | siztuwğan bolmazsızyou all can't have been born | alatuwğan bolmazlathey can't have been born |
| Inference — double negation | mentuwmağan bolmazmaI must have been born (emphatic) | sentuwmağan bolmazsayou must have been born (emphatic) | oltuwmağan bolmazhe must have been born (emphatic) | biztuwmağan bolmazbızwe must have been born (emphatic) | siztuwmağan bolmazsızyou all must have been born (emphatic) | alatuwmağan bolmazlathey must have been born (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual — auxiliary negated | mentuwğan bolmasamif it weren't that I had been born | sentuwğan bolmasaŋif it weren't that you had been born | oltuwğan bolmasaif it weren't that he had been born | biztuwğan bolmasaqif it weren't that we had been born | siztuwğan bolmasağızif it weren't that you all had been born | alatuwğan bolmasalaif it weren't that they had been born |
| Counterfactual — double negation | mentuwmağan bolmasamif it weren't that I hadn't been born | sentuwmağan bolmasaŋif it weren't that you hadn't been born | oltuwmağan bolmasaif it weren't that he hadn't been born | biztuwmağan bolmasaqif it weren't that we hadn't been born | siztuwmağan bolmasağızif it weren't that you all hadn't been born | alatuwmağan bolmasalaif it weren't that they hadn't been born |
| Inference, future — auxiliary negated | mentuwarıq bolmazmaI can't be going to be born | sentuwarıq bolmazsayou can't be going to be born | oltuwarıq bolmazhe can't be going to be born | biztuwarıq bolmazbızwe can't be going to be born | siztuwarıq bolmazsızyou all can't be going to be born | alatuwarıq bolmazlathey can't be going to be born |
| Inference, future — double negation | mentuwmazlıq bolmazmaI must be going to be born (emphatic) | sentuwmazlıq bolmazsayou must be going to be born (emphatic) | oltuwmazlıq bolmazhe must be going to be born (emphatic) | biztuwmazlıq bolmazbızwe must be going to be born (emphatic) | siztuwmazlıq bolmazsızyou all must be going to be born (emphatic) | alatuwmazlıq bolmazlathey must be going to be born (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual future — auxiliary negated | mentuwarıq bolmasamif it weren't that I were going to be born | sentuwarıq bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were going to be born | oltuwarıq bolmasaif it weren't that he were going to be born | biztuwarıq bolmasaqif it weren't that we were going to be born | siztuwarıq bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were going to be born | alatuwarıq bolmasalaif it weren't that they were going to be born |
| Counterfactual future — double negation | mentuwmazlıq bolmasamif it weren't that I were not going to be born | sentuwmazlıq bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were not going to be born | oltuwmazlıq bolmasaif it weren't that he were not going to be born | biztuwmazlıq bolmasaqif it weren't that we were not going to be born | siztuwmazlıq bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were not going to be born | alatuwmazlıq bolmasalaif it weren't that they were not going to be born |