qawum
/qawum/ · plural qawumla
1. group, party, company, circle of people — Also a large military grouping, as in askerleni ügdağı qawumu "the southern grouping of troops", and a social circle, as in oğarı qawumda "in the higher circles". Repeated qawum-qawum means "in groups".
- studentleni alçı qawumu — the leading group of students
- nögerle eki qawum boldula — the friends split into two groups
- qawum-qawum ketedile — they leave in groups
- qawumlağa bölürge — to divide into groups
- qawumnu başçısı söz aytdı — the leader of the group spoke
- qawumğa qoşulub işge başladı — joining the group, he started working
- askerleni ügdağı qawumu — the southern grouping of troops
2. some, several — Mostly in bir qawum or bir qawumla "some, some people".
- bir qawumla şkolnu boşağandıla — some have finished school
- qawum adam — a few people
- bir qawum jaşla — some young men
- qawum adamla kelmey qaldıla — some people did not come
- qawum jıl ozdu — several years passed
- qawum zatlanı alğa hazırladıq — we prepared some things beforehand
- qawum ay — several months
3. category, class, rank — Also a section or stratum of society, as in halqnı aslam qawumu "the broad sections of the population".
- birinçi qawumğa tüşdü — it fell into the first category
- üç ullu qawumğa üleşirge — to divide into three large categories
- ekinçi qawumnu zatları — the things of the second category
- zatlanı qawumlağa böldük — we divided the things into categories
4. sort, kind, variety
- almalanı bu qawumu — this variety of apples
- almalanı tatlı qawumu — the sweet variety of apples
- jaŋı qawum buday — a new variety of wheat
- bu qawum igi ösedi — this variety grows well
5. part, portion, share
- adamlanı bir qawumu — one part of the people
- almalanı bir qawumu çirigendi — part of the apples has rotted
- asker üç qawumğa bölünsün — let the army be divided into three parts
- halqnı ullu qawumu — a large part of the people
- işni bir qawumu qaldı — part of the work was left
6. clan, phratry, lineage branch
- Qaraçayda tört qawum bolğandı — there were four clans in Karachay
- ol qaysı qawumdandı — which clan is he from
- bizni qawum — our clan
- har qawumnu kesi tamğası bolğan — every clan had its own tamga
- qawumla birleşib el quraldı — clans united and a settlement was formed
7. generation, age group
- jaş qawum — the young generation
- tamada qawum — the elder generation
- jaŋı qawum ösgendi — a new generation has grown up
- biz bir qawumbuz — we are of one generation
8. pair, set of two matching things — Used of shoes, stockings and the like: eki qawum çuruq "two pairs of shoes".
- eki qawum çuruq — two pairs of shoes
- eki qawum jün çınday — two pairs of woolen socks
- bir qawum çuruq aldım — I bought a pair of shoes
- bu qawum çınday jılıdı — this pair of socks is warm
9. set of clothes, change of underwear
- bir qawum kiyim — a set of clothes
- bir qawum iç kiyim — a change of underwear
- jaŋı qawum kiyim aldım — I bought a new set of clothes
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qawumthe group | qawumummy group | qawumuŋyour group | qawumuhis group | qawumubuzour group | qawumuğuzyou all's group | qawumlarıtheir groups |
| Genitive | qawumnuthe group's | qawumumumy group's | qawumuŋuyour group's | qawumunuhis group's | qawumubuznuour group's | qawumuğuznuyou all's group's | qawumlarınıtheir groups' |
| Accusative | qawumnuthe group (as the object) | qawumumumy group (as the object) | qawumuŋuyour group (as the object) | qawumunhis group (as the object) | qawumubuznuour group (as the object) | qawumuğuznuyou all's group (as the object) | qawumlarıntheir groups (as the object) |
| Dative | qawumğato the group | qawumumato my group | qawumuŋato your group | qawumunato his group | qawumubuzğato our group | qawumuğuzğato you all's group | qawumlarınato their groups |
| Locative | qawumdain / at the group | qawumumdain / at my group | qawumuŋdain / at your group | qawumundain / at his group | qawumubuzdain / at our group | qawumuğuzdain / at you all's group | qawumlarındain / at their groups |
| Ablative | qawumdanfrom the group | qawumumdanfrom my group | qawumuŋdanfrom your group | qawumundanfrom his group | qawumubuzdanfrom our group | qawumuğuzdanfrom you all's group | qawumlarındanfrom their groups |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qawumlathe groups | qawumlarımmy groups | qawumlarıŋyour groups | qawumlarıhis groups | qawumlarıbızour groups | qawumlarığızyou all's groups | qawumlarıtheir groups |
| Genitive | qawumlanıthe groups' | qawumlarımımy groups' | qawumlarıŋıyour groups' | qawumlarınıhis groups' | qawumlarıbıznıour groups' | qawumlarığıznıyou all's groups' | qawumlarınıtheir groups' |
| Accusative | qawumlanıthe groups (as the object) | qawumlarımımy groups (as the object) | qawumlarıŋıyour groups (as the object) | qawumlarınhis groups (as the object) | qawumlarıbıznıour groups (as the object) | qawumlarığıznıyou all's groups (as the object) | qawumlarıntheir groups (as the object) |
| Dative | qawumlağato the groups | qawumlarımato my groups | qawumlarıŋato your groups | qawumlarınato his groups | qawumlarıbızğato our groups | qawumlarığızğato you all's groups | qawumlarınato their groups |
| Locative | qawumladain / at the groups | qawumlarımdain / at my groups | qawumlarıŋdain / at your groups | qawumlarındain / at his groups | qawumlarıbızdain / at our groups | qawumlarığızdain / at you all's groups | qawumlarındain / at their groups |
| Ablative | qawumladanfrom the groups | qawumlarımdanfrom my groups | qawumlarıŋdanfrom your groups | qawumlarındanfrom his groups | qawumlarıbızdanfrom our groups | qawumlarığızdanfrom you all's groups | qawumlarındanfrom their groups |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: qawumları can mean "his / her groups", "their group", or "their groups" — context decides.
Whose it is
| Case | one thing, one owner | several things, one owner | one thing, several owners | several things, several owners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qawumnuquthe group's one | qawumnuqulathe group's ones | qawumlanıqıthe groups' one | qawumlanıqılathe groups' ones |
| Genitive | qawumnuqunuof the group's one | qawumnuqulanıof the group's ones | qawumlanıqınıof the groups' one | qawumlanıqılanıof the groups' ones |
| Accusative | qawumnuqunthe group's one (as the object) | qawumnuqulanıthe group's ones (as the object) | qawumlanıqınthe groups' one (as the object) | qawumlanıqılanıthe groups' ones (as the object) |
| Dative | qawumnuqunato the group's one | qawumnuqulağato the group's ones | qawumlanıqınato the groups' one | qawumlanıqılağato the groups' ones |
| Locative | qawumnuqundain / at the group's one | qawumnuquladain / at the group's ones | qawumlanıqındain / at the groups' one | qawumlanıqıladain / at the groups' ones |
| Ablative | qawumnuqundanfrom the group's one | qawumnuquladanfrom the group's ones | qawumlanıqındanfrom the groups' one | qawumlanıqıladanfrom the groups' ones |
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.