keserge
/keserɡe/
1. cut, slice, cut off, chop — Also used for felling trees and for trimming hair or nails.
- etni keserge — to cut the meat
- bıçaq bla keserge — to cut with a knife
- ötmekden kesib alırğa — to cut off a piece of bread
- ol et kesedi — he is cutting meat
- terekni keserge — to fell the tree
- çaçın keserge — to cut one's hair
- tırnaqların keserge — to cut one's nails
- başın keserge — to cut off its head
2. slaughter, butcher an animal for meat
- qoy keserge — to slaughter a sheep
- ögüz keserge — to slaughter an ox
- atam tawuq kesdi — my father slaughtered a hen
- tawuqnu keserge — to slaughter the hen
- semirtib keserge — to fatten and slaughter
3. cross, cut across
- kesib öterge — to cut across
- jolnu keserge — to cross the road
- temir jolnu kesib öterge — to cross the railway line
- jolnu çort keserge — to cut straight across the road
4. fix, set, determine a price, a term or a decision
- bağa keserge — to fix the price
- boljalnı keserge — to set the term
- onow keserge — to make a decision
- bağasın keserge izlegendi — he wanted to fix its price
- ırjı keserge — to set the boundary
5. break off, cut short, sever — Said of relations, conversations and connections.
- aranı keserge — to break off relations
- söznü keserge — to cut the talk short
- ol haparnı kesdi — he cut the story short
- telefonnu keserge — to cut off the telephone
6. eat away, corrode
- temirni tot kesgendi — the rust has eaten away the iron
- tot bıçaqnı kesgendi — the rust has eaten away the knife
- suw taşnı kesedi — the water eats away the stone
7. kill with a blade, slay, massacre
- ol jawun kesdi — he slew his enemy
- anı bıçaq bla kesgendile — they killed him with a knife
- sawlay elni kesib ketgendile — they massacred the whole village
- jawla halqnı kesgendile — the enemies massacred the people
8. chafe, dig into the skin — Said of straps, ropes and other things that press on the body.
- jıjım qolumu kesedi — the rope cuts into my hand
- baw ayağımı kesedi — the strap cuts into my foot
- jıjım qolların kesgendi — the rope has cut into his hands
- sanlarımı temir buğow kesgendi — the iron shackles have cut into my limbs
9. reduce, cut down funds
- haqnı keserge — to cut the wages
- ol haqımı kesdi — he cut my pay
- açhanı kesdile — they cut the money
10. allot, assign, allocate land or a share
- har üyge jer kesgendi — he allotted land to each house
- menŋe ülüş kesdile — they allotted me a share
- kelgenlege üy orunla kesdile — they allotted house plots to the newcomers
11. choke, smother crops — Said of weeds.
- sabanlanı tamıza kesedi — the charlock is choking the crops
- hansla sabanlanı kesedile — the weeds are choking the crops
- hans budaynı kesgendi — the weed has choked the wheat
12. maul to death — Said of a predator killing its prey.
- börü qoynu kesib ketdi — the wolf mauled the sheep to death
- börüle qoylanı kesdile — the wolves mauled the sheep to death
- it tawuqnu kesib ketdi — the dog mauled the hen to death
13. eradicate, eliminate
- aman töreleni tamırın keserikme — I will cut out the root of the bad customs
- awruwnu keserge — to eradicate the disease
- ol amanlıqnı kesdi — he eradicated the wrongdoing
- açlıqnı kesdile — they eradicated hunger
14. wound with a sharp edge
- barmağımı kesdim — I cut my finger
- barmağıŋı keserge — to cut your finger
- miyala bla keserge — to cut oneself on glass
- oraq bla barmağımı kesgen edim — I had cut my finger with a sickle
- tabanların taşla kesib — stones cutting her soles
15. cut well, be sharp — Said of a blade or tool, not of the person using it.
- bu bıçaq igi kesedi — this knife cuts well
- bıçaq kesmeydi — the knife does not cut
- qalaqsız çalqı da kesmez — a scythe without a whetstone will not cut
16. amputate a limb
- ayağın kesgendile — they amputated his leg
- anı qolun kesgendile — they amputated his hand
- bilekni keserge — to amputate the arm
17. carve a pattern or inscription
- oyuw keserge — to carve a pattern
- ağaçha oyuw kesdi — he carved a pattern on the wood
- taşda jazıw keserge — to carve an inscription on stone
18. obstruct or block a passage
- qar jolnu kesgendi — the snow has blocked the road
- suw keçiwnü kesgendi — the water has blocked the ford
- qazawat keçiwleni kesedi — the war blocks the crossings
19. take away happiness, hope or good fortune
- nasıbımı kesdi — it took away my happiness
- ol umutubuznu kesdi — he took away our hope
- nasıbıbıznı keserge aylanasa — you are trying to take away our happiness
- qadar anı nasıbın kesgendi — fate took away his happiness
20. quench thirst
- suwsabıŋı keserge — to quench your thirst
- suwsabımı kesdim — I quenched my thirst
- suw suwsabnı kesedi — water quenches thirst
Expressions
- awuzu quyruq kesmewçü — sharp-tongued
- bir qoluŋ bla bir qoluŋu kesgenley — harm one's own
- buzowun keserge — cut into the quick
- eki janına kesgen qamalay — two-faced person
Conjugation
Common forms
- kesedihe is cutting
- kesdihe cut
- kesgendihe has cut
- keserhe will cut
- keserikdihe is going to cut
- kese edihe was cutting
- kesseif he cuts
- kes!cut!
Simple tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (simple & continuous) | menkesemeI am cutting | senkeseseyou are cutting | olkesedihe is cutting | bizkesebizwe are cutting | sizkesesizyou all are cutting | alakesedilethey are cutting |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menkesmeymeI am not cutting | senkesmeyseyou are not cutting | olkesmeydihe is not cutting | bizkesmeybizwe are not cutting | sizkesmeysizyou all are not cutting | alakesmeydilethey are not cutting |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menkesememi? kesemime?am I cutting? | senkesemise?are you cutting? | olkesemidi?is he cutting? | bizkesebizmi? kesemibiz?are we cutting? | sizkesemisiz?are you all cutting? | alakesemidile?are they cutting? |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menkesmeymemi? kesmeymime?aren't I cutting? | senkesmeymise?aren't you cutting? | olkesmeymidi?isn't he cutting? | bizkesmeybizmi? kesmeymibiz?aren't we cutting? | sizkesmeymisiz?aren't you all cutting? | alakesmeymidile?aren't they cutting? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menkesiwçenmeI usually cut | senkesiwçenseyou usually cut | olkesiwçendihe usually cuts | bizkesiwçenbizwe usually cut | sizkesiwçensizyou all usually cut | alakesiwçendilethey usually cut |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menkesmewçenmeI usually don't cut | senkesmewçenseyou usually don't cut | olkesmewçendihe usually doesn't cut | bizkesmewçenbizwe usually don't cut | sizkesmewçensizyou all usually don't cut | alakesmewçendilethey usually don't cut |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menkesiwçenmemi? kesiwçenmime?do I usually cut? | senkesiwçenmise?do you usually cut? | olkesiwçenmidi?does he usually cut? | bizkesiwçenbizmi? kesiwçenmibiz?do we usually cut? | sizkesiwçenmisiz?do you all usually cut? | alakesiwçenmidile?do they usually cut? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menkesmewçenmemi? kesmewçenmime?do I usually not cut? | senkesmewçenmise?do you usually not cut? | olkesmewçenmidi?does he usually not cut? | bizkesmewçenbizmi? kesmewçenmibiz?do we usually not cut? | sizkesmewçenmisiz?do you all usually not cut? | alakesmewçenmidile?do they usually not cut? |
| Resultative (has become and stays) | olkesibdihe has cut and remains so | alakesibdilethey have cut and remain so | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | olkesibmidi?has he cut? | alakesibmidile?have they cut? | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Durative (keeps doing) | menkesib turamaI keep cutting | senkesib turasayou keep cutting | olkesib turadıhe keeps cutting | bizkesib turabızwe keep cutting | sizkesib turasızyou all keep cutting | alakesib turadılathey keep cutting |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menkesib turmaymaI don't keep cutting | senkesib turmaysayou don't keep cutting | olkesib turmaydıhe doesn't keep cutting | bizkesib turmaybızwe don't keep cutting | sizkesib turmaysızyou all don't keep cutting | alakesib turmaydılathey don't keep cutting |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menkesib turamamı? kesib turamıma?do I keep cutting? | senkesib turamısa?do you keep cutting? | olkesib turamıdı?does he keep cutting? | bizkesib turabızmı? kesib turamıbız?do we keep cutting? | sizkesib turamısız?do you all keep cutting? | alakesib turamıdıla?do they keep cutting? |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menkesib turmaymamı? kesib turmaymıma?don't I keep cutting? | senkesib turmaymısa?don't you keep cutting? | olkesib turmaymıdı?doesn't he keep cutting? | bizkesib turmaybızmı? kesib turmaymıbız?don't we keep cutting? | sizkesib turmaymısız?don't you all keep cutting? | alakesib turmaymıdıla?don't they keep cutting? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menkese turamaI am in the middle of cutting | senkese turasayou are in the middle of cutting | olkese turadıhe is in the middle of cutting | bizkese turabızwe are in the middle of cutting | sizkese turasızyou all are in the middle of cutting | alakese turadılathey are in the middle of cutting |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menkese turmaymaI am not in the middle of cutting | senkese turmaysayou are not in the middle of cutting | olkese turmaydıhe is not in the middle of cutting | bizkese turmaybızwe are not in the middle of cutting | sizkese turmaysızyou all are not in the middle of cutting | alakese turmaydılathey are not in the middle of cutting |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menkese turamamı? kese turamıma?am I in the middle of cutting? | senkese turamısa?are you in the middle of cutting? | olkese turamıdı?is he in the middle of cutting? | bizkese turabızmı? kese turamıbız?are we in the middle of cutting? | sizkese turamısız?are you all in the middle of cutting? | alakese turamıdıla?are they in the middle of cutting? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menkese turmaymamı? kese turmaymıma?aren't I in the middle of cutting? | senkese turmaymısa?aren't you in the middle of cutting? | olkese turmaymıdı?isn't he in the middle of cutting? | bizkese turmaybızmı? kese turmaymıbız?aren't we in the middle of cutting? | sizkese turmaymısız?aren't you all in the middle of cutting? | alakese turmaymıdıla?aren't they in the middle of cutting? |
| Simple past (definite) | menkesdimI cut | senkesdiŋyou cut | olkesdihe cut | bizkesdikwe cut | sizkesdigizyou all cut | alakesdilethey cut |
| Simple past (definite) | menkesmedimI didn't cut | senkesmediŋyou didn't cut | olkesmedihe didn't cut | bizkesmedikwe didn't cut | sizkesmedigizyou all didn't cut | alakesmedilethey didn't cut |
| Simple past (definite) | menkesdimmi?did I cut? | senkesdiŋmi?did you cut? | olkesdimi?did he cut? | bizkesdikmi?did we cut? | sizkesdigizmi?did you all cut? | alakesdilemi?did they cut? |
| Simple past (definite) | menkesmedimmi?didn't I cut? | senkesmediŋmi?didn't you cut? | olkesmedimi?didn't he cut? | bizkesmedikmi?didn't we cut? | sizkesmedigizmi?didn't you all cut? | alakesmedilemi?didn't they cut? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menkesgenmeI have cut | senkesgenseyou have cut | olkesgendihe has cut | bizkesgenbizwe have cut | sizkesgensizyou all have cut | alakesgendilethey have cut |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menkesmegenmeI haven't cut | senkesmegenseyou haven't cut | olkesmegendihe hasn't cut | bizkesmegenbizwe haven't cut | sizkesmegensizyou all haven't cut | alakesmegendilethey haven't cut |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menkesgenmemi? kesgenmime?have I cut? | senkesgenmise?have you cut? | olkesgenmidi?has he cut? | bizkesgenbizmi? kesgenmibiz?have we cut? | sizkesgenmisiz?have you all cut? | alakesgenmidile?have they cut? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menkesmegenmemi? kesmegenmime?haven't I cut? | senkesmegenmise?haven't you cut? | olkesmegenmidi?hasn't he cut? | bizkesmegenbizmi? kesmegenmibiz?haven't we cut? | sizkesmegenmisiz?haven't you all cut? | alakesmegenmidile?haven't they cut? |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menkesib turdumI kept cutting | senkesib turduŋyou kept cutting | olkesib turduhe kept cutting | bizkesib turduqwe kept cutting | sizkesib turduğuzyou all kept cutting | alakesib turdulathey kept cutting |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menkesib turmadımI didn't keep cutting | senkesib turmadıŋyou didn't keep cutting | olkesib turmadıhe didn't keep cutting | bizkesib turmadıqwe didn't keep cutting | sizkesib turmadığızyou all didn't keep cutting | alakesib turmadılathey didn't keep cutting |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Indefinite future (future I) | menkesermeI will cut | senkeserseyou will cut | olkeserhe will cut | bizkeserbizwe will cut | sizkesersizyou all will cut | alakeserlethey will cut |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menkesmezmeI won't cut | senkesmezseyou won't cut | olkesmezhe won't cut | bizkesmezbizwe won't cut | sizkesmezsizyou all won't cut | alakesmezlethey won't cut |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menkesermemi? kesermime?will I cut? | senkesermise?will you cut? | olkesermi?will he cut? | bizkeserbizmi? kesermibiz?will we cut? | sizkesermisiz?will you all cut? | alakeserlemi? kesermile?will they cut? |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menkesmezmemi? kesmezmime?won't I cut? | senkesmezmise?won't you cut? | olkesmezmi?won't he cut? | bizkesmezbizmi? kesmezmibiz?won't we cut? | sizkesmezmisiz?won't you all cut? | alakesmezlemi? kesmezmile?won't they cut? |
| Definite future (future II) | menkeserikmeI am going to cut | senkeserikseyou are going to cut | olkeserikdihe is going to cut | bizkeserikbizwe are going to cut | sizkeseriksizyou all are going to cut | alakeserikdilethey are going to cut |
| Definite future (future II) | menkeserik tülmeI am not going to cut | senkeserik tülseyou are not going to cut | olkeserik tüldühe is not going to cut | bizkeserik tülbüzwe are not going to cut | sizkeserik tülsüzyou all are not going to cut | alakeserik tüldülethey are not going to cut |
| Definite future (future II) | menkeserikmemi? keserikmime?am I going to cut? | senkeserikmise?are you going to cut? | olkeserikmidi?is he going to cut? | bizkeserikbizmi? keserikmibiz?are we going to cut? | sizkeserikmisiz?are you all going to cut? | alakeserikmidile?are they going to cut? |
| Definite future (future II) | menkeserik tülmüme?aren't I going to cut? | senkeserik tülmüse?aren't you going to cut? | olkeserik tülmüdü?isn't he going to cut? | bizkeserik tülmübüz?aren't we going to cut? | sizkeserik tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to cut? | alakeserik tülmüdüle?aren't they going to cut? |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Past compound tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menkesgen edimkesgenemI had cut | senkesgen ediŋkesgeneŋyou had cut | olkesgen edikesgenedhe had cut | bizkesgen edikkesgenekwe had cut | sizkesgen edigizkesgenegizyou all had cut | alakesgen edilekesgenellethey had cut |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menkesmegen edimkesmegenemI hadn't cut | senkesmegen ediŋkesmegeneŋyou hadn't cut | olkesmegen edikesmegenedhe hadn't cut | bizkesmegen edikkesmegenekwe hadn't cut | sizkesmegen edigizkesmegenegizyou all hadn't cut | alakesmegen edilekesmegenellethey hadn't cut |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menkese edimkesemI was cutting | senkese ediŋkeseŋyou were cutting | olkese edikesedhe was cutting | bizkese edikkesekwe were cutting | sizkese edigizkesegizyou all were cutting | alakese edilekesellethey were cutting |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menkesmey edimkesmeyemI wasn't cutting | senkesmey ediŋkesmeyeŋyou weren't cutting | olkesmey edikesmeyedhe wasn't cutting | bizkesmey edikkesmeyekwe weren't cutting | sizkesmey edigizkesmeyegizyou all weren't cutting | alakesmey edilekesmeyellethey weren't cutting |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | menkesiwçen edimkesiwçenemI used to cut | senkesiwçen ediŋkesiwçeneŋyou used to cut | olkesiwçen edikesiwçenedhe used to cut | bizkesiwçen edikkesiwçenekwe used to cut | sizkesiwçen edigizkesiwçenegizyou all used to cut | alakesiwçen edilekesiwçenellethey used to cut |
| Habitual past (used to) | menkesmewçen edimkesmewçenemI didn't use to cut | senkesmewçen ediŋkesmewçeneŋyou didn't use to cut | olkesmewçen edikesmewçenedhe didn't use to cut | bizkesmewçen edikkesmewçenekwe didn't use to cut | sizkesmewçen edigizkesmewçenegizyou all didn't use to cut | alakesmewçen edilekesmewçenellethey didn't use to cut |
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | olkesib edihe had cut and remained so | alakesib edilethey had cut and remained so | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | olkesib tül edihe hadn't cut | alakesib tül edilethey hadn't cut | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menkesib tura edimkesib turaemI had kept cutting | senkesib tura ediŋkesib turaeŋyou had kept cutting | olkesib tura edikesib turaedhe had kept cutting | bizkesib tura edikkesib turaekwe had kept cutting | sizkesib tura edigizkesib turaegizyou all had kept cutting | alakesib tura edilekesib turaellethey had kept cutting |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menkesib turmay edimkesib turmayemI hadn't kept cutting | senkesib turmay ediŋkesib turmayeŋyou hadn't kept cutting | olkesib turmay edikesib turmayedhe hadn't kept cutting | bizkesib turmay edikkesib turmayekwe hadn't kept cutting | sizkesib turmay edigizkesib turmayegizyou all hadn't kept cutting | alakesib turmay edilekesib turmayellethey hadn't kept cutting |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menkese tura edimkese turaemI was in the middle of cutting | senkese tura ediŋkese turaeŋyou were in the middle of cutting | olkese tura edikese turaedhe was in the middle of cutting | bizkese tura edikkese turaekwe were in the middle of cutting | sizkese tura edigizkese turaegizyou all were in the middle of cutting | alakese tura edilekese turaellethey were in the middle of cutting |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menkese turmay edimkese turmayemI wasn't in the middle of cutting | senkese turmay ediŋkese turmayeŋyou weren't in the middle of cutting | olkese turmay edikese turmayedhe wasn't in the middle of cutting | bizkese turmay edikkese turmayekwe weren't in the middle of cutting | sizkese turmay edigizkese turmayegizyou all weren't in the middle of cutting | alakese turmay edilekese turmayellethey weren't in the middle of cutting |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | menkeser edimkeser emI would cut | senkeser ediŋkeser eŋyou would cut | olkeser edikeser edhe would cut | bizkeser edikkeser ekwe would cut | sizkeser edigizkeser egizyou all would cut | alakeser edilekeser ellethey would cut |
| Conditional result (would) | menkesmez edimkesmez emI wouldn't cut | senkesmez ediŋkesmez eŋyou wouldn't cut | olkesmez edikesmez edhe wouldn't cut | bizkesmez edikkesmez ekwe wouldn't cut | sizkesmez edigizkesmez egizyou all wouldn't cut | alakesmez edilekesmez ellethey wouldn't cut |
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) | menkeserik edimkeserik emI would have cut | senkeserik ediŋkeserik eŋyou would have cut | olkeserik edikeserik edhe would have cut | bizkeserik edikkeserik ekwe would have cut | sizkeserik edigizkeserik egizyou all would have cut | alakeserik edilekeserik ellethey would have cut |
| Past conditional result (would have) | menkeserik tül edimkeserik tül emI wouldn't have cut | senkeserik tül ediŋkeserik tül eŋyou wouldn't have cut | olkeserik tül edikeserik tül edhe wouldn't have cut | bizkeserik tül edikkeserik tül ekwe wouldn't have cut | sizkeserik tül edigizkeserik tül egizyou all wouldn't have cut | alakeserik tül edilekeserik tül ellethey wouldn't have cut |
| Past conditional result (would have) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) |
Conditional
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional | menkessemif I cut | senkesseŋif you cut | olkesseif he cuts | bizkessekif we cut | sizkessegizif you all cut | alakesseleif they cut |
| Conditional | menkesmesemif I don't cut | senkesmeseŋif you don't cut | olkesmeseif he doesn't cut | bizkesmesekif we don't cut | sizkesmesegizif you all don't cut | alakesmeseleif they don't cut |
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | menkese esemif I am cutting | senkese eseŋif you are cutting | olkese eseif he is cutting | bizkese esekif we are cutting | sizkese esegizif you all are cutting | alakese eseleif they are cutting |
| Conditional, present real | menkesmey esemif I am not cutting | senkesmey eseŋif you are not cutting | olkesmey eseif he is not cutting | bizkesmey esekif we are not cutting | sizkesmey esegizif you all are not cutting | alakesmey eseleif they are not cutting |
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menkessem edikessem edif only I cut | senkesseŋ edikesseŋ edif only you cut | olkesse edikessedif only he cut | bizkessek edikessek edif only we cut | sizkessegiz edikessegiz edif only you all cut | alakessele edikesseledif only they cut |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menkesmesem edikesmesem edif only I didn't cut | senkesmeseŋ edikesmeseŋ edif only you didn't cut | olkesmese edikesmesedif only he didn't cut | bizkesmesek edikesmesek edif only we didn't cut | sizkesmesegiz edikesmesegiz edif only you all didn't cut | alakesmesele edikesmeseledif only they didn't cut |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Durative conditional | menkesib tursamif I carry on cutting | senkesib tursaŋif you carry on cutting | olkesib tursaif he carries on cutting | bizkesib tursaqif we carry on cutting | sizkesib tursağızif you all carry on cutting | alakesib tursalaif they carry on cutting |
| Durative conditional | menkesib turmasamif I don't carry on cutting | senkesib turmasaŋif you don't carry on cutting | olkesib turmasaif he doesn't carry on cutting | bizkesib turmasaqif we don't carry on cutting | sizkesib turmasağızif you all don't carry on cutting | alakesib turmasalaif they don't carry on cutting |
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | menkesib tura esemif I have kept cutting | senkesib tura eseŋif you have kept cutting | olkesib tura eseif he has kept cutting | bizkesib tura esekif we have kept cutting | sizkesib tura esegizif you all have kept cutting | alakesib tura eseleif they have kept cutting |
| Durative conditional, present real | menkesib turmay esemif I haven't kept cutting | senkesib turmay eseŋif you haven't kept cutting | olkesib turmay eseif he hasn't kept cutting | bizkesib turmay esekif we haven't kept cutting | sizkesib turmay esegizif you all haven't kept cutting | alakesib turmay eseleif they haven't kept cutting |
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | menkese tursamif I keep cutting | senkese tursaŋif you keep cutting | olkese tursaif he keeps cutting | bizkese tursaqif we keep cutting | sizkese tursağızif you all keep cutting | alakese tursalaif they keep cutting |
| Progressive conditional | menkesmey tursamif I keep on not cutting | senkesmey tursaŋif you keep on not cutting | olkesmey tursaif he keeps on not cutting | bizkesmey tursaqif we keep on not cutting | sizkesmey tursağızif you all keep on not cutting | alakesmey tursalaif they keep on not cutting |
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | menkese tura esemif I am in the middle of cutting | senkese tura eseŋif you are in the middle of cutting | olkese tura eseif he is in the middle of cutting | bizkese tura esekif we are in the middle of cutting | sizkese tura esegizif you all are in the middle of cutting | alakese tura eseleif they are in the middle of cutting |
| Progressive conditional, present real | menkesmey tura esemif I keep on not cutting | senkesmey tura eseŋif you keep on not cutting | olkesmey tura eseif he keeps on not cutting | bizkesmey tura esekif we keep on not cutting | sizkesmey tura esegizif you all keep on not cutting | alakesmey tura eseleif they keep on not cutting |
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past1 | menkesdim esemif I cut | senkesdiŋ eseŋif you cut | olkesdi eseif he cut | bizkesdik esekif we cut | sizkesdigiz esegizif you all cut | alakesdile eseleif they cut |
| Conditional, definite past1 | menkesmedim esemif I didn't cut | senkesmediŋ eseŋif you didn't cut | olkesmedi eseif he didn't cut | bizkesmedik esekif we didn't cut | sizkesmedigiz esegizif you all didn't cut | alakesmedile eseleif they didn't cut |
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | menkesgen esemif I did cut (indeed) | senkesgen eseŋif you did cut (indeed) | olkesgen eseif he did cut (indeed) | bizkesgen esekif we did cut (indeed) | sizkesgen esegizif you all did cut (indeed) | alakesgen eseleif they did cut (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | menkesmegen esemif I didn't cut (indeed) | senkesmegen eseŋif you didn't cut (indeed) | olkesmegen eseif he didn't cut (indeed) | bizkesmegen esekif we didn't cut (indeed) | sizkesmegen esegizif you all didn't cut (indeed) | alakesmegen eseleif they didn't cut (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | menkesgen bolsamif I had cut | senkesgen bolsaŋif you had cut | olkesgen bolsaif he had cut | bizkesgen bolsaqif we had cut | sizkesgen bolsağızif you all had cut | alakesgen bolsalaif they had cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual | menkesmegen bolsamif I hadn't cut | senkesmegen bolsaŋif you hadn't cut | olkesmegen bolsaif he hadn't cut | bizkesmegen bolsaqif we hadn't cut | sizkesmegen bolsağızif you all hadn't cut | alakesmegen bolsalaif they hadn't cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menkesgen bolsam edikesgen bolsam edif only I had cut | senkesgen bolsaŋ edikesgen bolsaŋ edif only you had cut | olkesgen bolsa edikesgen bolsaedif only he had cut | bizkesgen bolsaq edikesgen bolsaq edif only we had cut | sizkesgen bolsağız edikesgen bolsağız edif only you all had cut | alakesgen bolsala edikesgen bolsalaedif only they had cut |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menkesmegen bolsam edikesmegen bolsam edif only I hadn't cut | senkesmegen bolsaŋ edikesmegen bolsaŋ edif only you hadn't cut | olkesmegen bolsa edikesmegen bolsaedif only he hadn't cut | bizkesmegen bolsaq edikesmegen bolsaq edif only we hadn't cut | sizkesmegen bolsağız edikesmegen bolsağız edif only you all hadn't cut | alakesmegen bolsala edikesmegen bolsalaedif only they hadn't cut |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | menkeser esemif I will cut | senkeser eseŋif you will cut | olkeser eseif he will cut | bizkeser esekif we will cut | sizkeser esegizif you all will cut | alakeser eseleif they will cut |
| Conditional, aorist | menkesmez esemif I won't cut | senkesmez eseŋif you won't cut | olkesmez eseif he won't cut | bizkesmez esekif we won't cut | sizkesmez esegizif you all won't cut | alakesmez eseleif they won't cut |
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, future | menkeserik esemif I am going to cut | senkeserik eseŋif you are going to cut | olkeserik eseif he is going to cut | bizkeserik esekif we are going to cut | sizkeserik esegizif you all are going to cut | alakeserik eseleif they are going to cut |
| Conditional, future | menkeserik tül esemif I am not going to cut | senkeserik tül eseŋif you are not going to cut | olkeserik tül eseif he is not going to cut | bizkeserik tül esekif we are not going to cut | sizkeserik tül esegizif you all are not going to cut | alakeserik tül eseleif they are not going to cut |
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menkeserik bolsamif I were going to cut | senkeserik bolsaŋif you were going to cut | olkeserik bolsaif he were going to cut | bizkeserik bolsaqif we were going to cut | sizkeserik bolsağızif you all were going to cut | alakeserik bolsalaif they were going to cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menkesmezlik bolsamif I were not going to cut | senkesmezlik bolsaŋif you were not going to cut | olkesmezlik bolsaif he were not going to cut | bizkesmezlik bolsaqif we were not going to cut | sizkesmezlik bolsağızif you all were not going to cut | alakesmezlik bolsalaif they were not going to cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Conditional, definite pastalso kesdiŋ ese: the person on the verb only (Байрамкулов and Урусбиев 1967 § 110)
Inferential
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menkese bolurmaI must be cutting | senkese bolursayou must be cutting | olkese bolurhe must be cutting | bizkese bolurbuzwe must be cutting | sizkese bolursuzyou all must be cutting | alakese bolurlathey must be cutting |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menkesmey bolurmaI must not be cutting | senkesmey bolursayou must not be cutting | olkesmey bolurhe must not be cutting | bizkesmey bolurbuzwe must not be cutting | sizkesmey bolursuzyou all must not be cutting | alakesmey bolurlathey must not be cutting |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menkese tura bolurmaI must be in the middle of cutting | senkese tura bolursayou must be in the middle of cutting | olkese tura bolurhe must be in the middle of cutting | bizkese tura bolurbuzwe must be in the middle of cutting | sizkese tura bolursuzyou all must be in the middle of cutting | alakese tura bolurlathey must be in the middle of cutting |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menkesmey tura bolurmaI must keep on not cutting | senkesmey tura bolursayou must keep on not cutting | olkesmey tura bolurhe must keep on not cutting | bizkesmey tura bolurbuzwe must keep on not cutting | sizkesmey tura bolursuzyou all must keep on not cutting | alakesmey tura bolurlathey must keep on not cutting |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | menkesgen bolurmaI must have cut | senkesgen bolursayou must have cut | olkesgen bolurhe must have cut | bizkesgen bolurbuzwe must have cut | sizkesgen bolursuzyou all must have cut | alakesgen bolurlathey must have cut |
| Inference (must have) | menkesmegen bolurmaI must not have cut | senkesmegen bolursayou must not have cut | olkesmegen bolurhe must not have cut | bizkesmegen bolurbuzwe must not have cut | sizkesmegen bolursuzyou all must not have cut | alakesmegen bolurlathey must not have cut |
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menkeserik bolurmaI must be going to cut | senkeserik bolursayou must be going to cut | olkeserik bolurhe must be going to cut | bizkeserik bolurbuzwe must be going to cut | sizkeserik bolursuzyou all must be going to cut | alakeserik bolurlathey must be going to cut |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menkesmezlik bolurmaI must not be going to cut | senkesmezlik bolursayou must not be going to cut | olkesmezlik bolurhe must not be going to cut | bizkesmezlik bolurbuzwe must not be going to cut | sizkesmezlik bolursuzyou all must not be going to cut | alakesmezlik bolurlathey must not be going to cut |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Commands, requests and wishes
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commands & suggestions | menkeseyimlet me cut | senkes!cut! | olkessinlet him cut | bizkeseyiklet's cut | sizkesigiz!cut, you all! | alakessinlelet them cut |
| Commands & suggestions | menkesmeyimlet me not cut | senkesme!don't cut! | olkesmesinlet him not cut | bizkesmeyiklet's not cut | sizkesmegiz!don't cut, you all! | alakesmesinlelet them not cut |
| Commands & suggestions | menkeseyimmi?shall I cut? | olkessinmi?should he cut? | bizkeseyikmi?shall we cut? | alakessinlemi?should they cut? | ||
| Commands & suggestions | menkesmeyimmi?shall I not cut? | olkesmesinmi?should he not cut? | bizkesmeyikmi?shall we not cut? | alakesmesinlemi?should they not cut? | ||
| Requests | senkesçi2kesçinplease cut | olkessinçido let him cut | sizkesçigizplease cut (plural/polite) | alakessinleçido let them cut | ||
| Requests | senkesmeçi2kesmeçinplease don't cut | olkesmesinçido let him not cut | sizkesmeçigizplease don't cut (plural/polite) | alakesmesinleçido let them not cut | ||
| Requests | ||||||
| Requests | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senkesginkesgimay you cut | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senkesmeginkesmegimay you not cut | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menkesgey edim kesge edimwould that I cut | senkesgey ediŋ kesge ediŋwould that you cut | olkesgey edi kesge ediwould that he cut | bizkesgey edik kesge edikwould that we cut | sizkesgey edigiz kesge edigizwould that you all cut | alakesgey edile kesge edilewould that they cut |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menkesmegey edim kesmege edimwould that I did not cut | senkesmegey ediŋ kesmege ediŋwould that you did not cut | olkesmegey edi kesmege ediwould that he did not cut | bizkesmegey edik kesmege edikwould that we did not cut | sizkesmegey edigiz kesmege edigizwould that you all did not cut | alakesmegey edile kesmege edilewould that they did not cut |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Let someone… (commands) | menkesmege qoyayımkesme qoyayımlet me allow someone to cut | senkesmege qoy!kesme qoy!let someone cut! | olkesmege qoysunkesme qoysunlet him allow someone to cut | bizkesmege qoyayıqkesme qoyayıqlet's allow someone to cut | sizkesmege qoyuğuz!kesme qoyuğuz!let someone cut, you all! | alakesmege qoysunlakesme qoysunlalet them allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (commands) | menkesmege qoymayımkesme qoymayımlet me not allow someone to cut | senkesmege qoyma!kesme qoyma!don't let someone cut! | olkesmege qoymasınkesme qoymasınlet him not allow someone to cut | bizkesmege qoymayıqkesme qoymayıqlet's not allow someone to cut | sizkesmege qoymağız!kesme qoymağız!don't let someone cut, you all! | alakesmege qoymasınlakesme qoymasınlalet them not allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (commands) | menkesmege qoyayımmı?kesme qoyayımmı?shall I allow someone to cut? | olkesmege qoysunmu?kesme qoysunmu?should he allow someone to cut? | bizkesmege qoyayıqmı?kesme qoyayıqmı?shall we allow someone to cut? | alakesmege qoysunlamı?kesme qoysunlamı?should they allow someone to cut? | ||
| Let someone… (commands) | menkesmege qoymayımmı?kesme qoymayımmı?shall I not allow someone to cut? | olkesmege qoymasınmı?kesme qoymasınmı?should he not allow someone to cut? | bizkesmege qoymayıqmı?kesme qoymayıqmı?shall we not allow someone to cut? | alakesmege qoymasınlamı?kesme qoymasınlamı?should they not allow someone to cut? | ||
| Let someone… (present) | menkesmege qoyamakesme qoyamaI allow someone to cut | senkesmege qoyasakesme qoyasayou allow someone to cut | olkesmege qoyadıkesme qoyadıhe allows someone to cut | bizkesmege qoyabızkesme qoyabızwe allow someone to cut | sizkesmege qoyasızkesme qoyasızyou all allow someone to cut | alakesmege qoyadılakesme qoyadılathey allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (present) | menkesmege qoymaymakesme qoymaymaI don't allow someone to cut | senkesmege qoymaysakesme qoymaysayou don't allow someone to cut | olkesmege qoymaydıkesme qoymaydıhe doesn't allow someone to cut | bizkesmege qoymaybızkesme qoymaybızwe don't allow someone to cut | sizkesmege qoymaysızkesme qoymaysızyou all don't allow someone to cut | alakesmege qoymaydılakesme qoymaydılathey don't allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (present) | menkesmege qoyamamı?kesme qoyamamı?do I allow someone to cut? | senkesmege qoyamısa?kesme qoyamısa?do you allow someone to cut? | olkesmege qoyamıdı?kesme qoyamıdı?does he allow someone to cut? | bizkesmege qoyabızmı?kesme qoyabızmı?do we allow someone to cut? | sizkesmege qoyamısız?kesme qoyamısız?do you all allow someone to cut? | alakesmege qoyamıdıla?kesme qoyamıdıla?do they allow someone to cut? |
| Let someone… (present) | menkesmege qoymaymamı?kesme qoymaymamı?don't I allow someone to cut? | senkesmege qoymaymısa?kesme qoymaymısa?don't you allow someone to cut? | olkesmege qoymaymıdı?kesme qoymaymıdı?doesn't he allow someone to cut? | bizkesmege qoymaybızmı?kesme qoymaybızmı?don't we allow someone to cut? | sizkesmege qoymaymısız?kesme qoymaymısız?don't you all allow someone to cut? | alakesmege qoymaymıdıla?kesme qoymaymıdıla?don't they allow someone to cut? |
| Let someone… (past) | menkesmege qoydumkesme qoydumI allowed someone to cut | senkesmege qoyduŋkesme qoyduŋyou allowed someone to cut | olkesmege qoydukesme qoyduhe allowed someone to cut | bizkesmege qoyduqkesme qoyduqwe allowed someone to cut | sizkesmege qoyduğuzkesme qoyduğuzyou all allowed someone to cut | alakesmege qoydulakesme qoydulathey allowed someone to cut |
| Let someone… (past) | menkesmege qoymadımkesme qoymadımI didn't allow someone to cut | senkesmege qoymadıŋkesme qoymadıŋyou didn't allow someone to cut | olkesmege qoymadıkesme qoymadıhe didn't allow someone to cut | bizkesmege qoymadıqkesme qoymadıqwe didn't allow someone to cut | sizkesmege qoymadığızkesme qoymadığızyou all didn't allow someone to cut | alakesmege qoymadılakesme qoymadılathey didn't allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (past) | menkesmege qoydummu?kesme qoydummu?did I allow someone to cut? | senkesmege qoyduŋmu?kesme qoyduŋmu?did you allow someone to cut? | olkesmege qoydumu?kesme qoydumu?did he allow someone to cut? | bizkesmege qoyduqmu?kesme qoyduqmu?did we allow someone to cut? | sizkesmege qoyduğuzmu?kesme qoyduğuzmu?did you all allow someone to cut? | alakesmege qoydulamı?kesme qoydulamı?did they allow someone to cut? |
| Let someone… (past) | menkesmege qoymadımmı?kesme qoymadımmı?didn't I allow someone to cut? | senkesmege qoymadıŋmı?kesme qoymadıŋmı?didn't you allow someone to cut? | olkesmege qoymadımı?kesme qoymadımı?didn't he allow someone to cut? | bizkesmege qoymadıqmı?kesme qoymadıqmı?didn't we allow someone to cut? | sizkesmege qoymadığızmı?kesme qoymadığızmı?didn't you all allow someone to cut? | alakesmege qoymadılamı?kesme qoymadılamı?didn't they allow someone to cut? |
- RequestsSpoken variant: singular requests can add a final nasal consonant, with the same request meaning.
Ability
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ability — present | menkesalamaI can cut | senkesalasayou can cut | olkesaladıhe can cut | bizkesalabızwe can cut | sizkesalasızyou all can cut | alakesaladılathey can cut |
| Ability — present | menkesalmaymaI can't cut | senkesalmaysayou can't cut | olkesalmaydıhe can't cut | bizkesalmaybızwe can't cut | sizkesalmaysızyou all can't cut | alakesalmaydılathey can't cut |
| Ability — present | menkesalamamı? kesalamıma?can I cut? | senkesalamısa?can you cut? | olkesalamıdı?can he cut? | bizkesalabızmı? kesalamıbız?can we cut? | sizkesalamısız?can you all cut? | alakesalamıdıla?can they cut? |
| Ability — present | menkesalmaymamı? kesalmaymıma?can't I cut? | senkesalmaymısa?can't you cut? | olkesalmaymıdı?can't he cut? | bizkesalmaybızmı? kesalmaymıbız?can't we cut? | sizkesalmaymısız?can't you all cut? | alakesalmaymıdıla?can't they cut? |
| Ability — if I can… | menkesalsamif I can cut | senkesalsaŋif you can cut | olkesalsaif he can cut | bizkesalsaqif we can cut | sizkesalsağızif you all can cut | alakesalsalaif they can cut |
| Ability — if I can… | menkesalmasamif I can't cut | senkesalmasaŋif you can't cut | olkesalmasaif he can't cut | bizkesalmasaqif we can't cut | sizkesalmasağızif you all can't cut | alakesalmasalaif they can't cut |
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — simple past | menkesaldımI was able to cut | senkesaldıŋyou were able to cut | olkesaldıhe was able to cut | bizkesaldıqwe were able to cut | sizkesaldığızyou all were able to cut | alakesaldılathey were able to cut |
| Ability — simple past | menkesalmadımI could not cut | senkesalmadıŋyou could not cut | olkesalmadıhe could not cut | bizkesalmadıqwe could not cut | sizkesalmadığızyou all could not cut | alakesalmadılathey could not cut |
| Ability — simple past | menkesaldımmı?was I able to cut? | senkesaldıŋmı?were you able to cut? | olkesaldımı?was he able to cut? | bizkesaldıqmı?were we able to cut? | sizkesaldığızmı?were you all able to cut? | alakesaldılamı?were they able to cut? |
| Ability — simple past | menkesalmadımmı?couldn't I cut? | senkesalmadıŋmı?couldn't you cut? | olkesalmadımı?couldn't he cut? | bizkesalmadıqmı?couldn't we cut? | sizkesalmadığızmı?couldn't you all cut? | alakesalmadılamı?couldn't they cut? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menkesalğanmaI have been able to cut | senkesalğansayou have been able to cut | olkesalğandıhe has been able to cut | bizkesalğanbızwe have been able to cut | sizkesalğansızyou all have been able to cut | alakesalğandılathey have been able to cut |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menkesalmağanmaI haven't been able to cut | senkesalmağansayou haven't been able to cut | olkesalmağandıhe hasn't been able to cut | bizkesalmağanbızwe haven't been able to cut | sizkesalmağansızyou all haven't been able to cut | alakesalmağandılathey haven't been able to cut |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menkesalğanmamı? kesalğanmıma?have I been able to cut? | senkesalğanmısa?have you been able to cut? | olkesalğanmıdı?has he been able to cut? | bizkesalğanbızmı? kesalğanmıbız?have we been able to cut? | sizkesalğanmısız?have you all been able to cut? | alakesalğanmıdıla?have they been able to cut? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menkesalmağanmamı? kesalmağanmıma?haven't I been able to cut? | senkesalmağanmısa?haven't you been able to cut? | olkesalmağanmıdı?hasn't he been able to cut? | bizkesalmağanbızmı? kesalmağanmıbız?haven't we been able to cut? | sizkesalmağanmısız?haven't you all been able to cut? | alakesalmağanmıdıla?haven't they been able to cut? |
| Ability — past perfect | menkesalğan edimkesalğanemI had been able to cut | senkesalğan ediŋkesalğaneŋyou had been able to cut | olkesalğan edikesalğanedhe had been able to cut | bizkesalğan edikkesalğanekwe had been able to cut | sizkesalğan edigizkesalğanegizyou all had been able to cut | alakesalğan edilekesalğanellethey had been able to cut |
| Ability — past perfect | menkesalmağan edimkesalmağanemI hadn't been able to cut | senkesalmağan ediŋkesalmağaneŋyou hadn't been able to cut | olkesalmağan edikesalmağanedhe hadn't been able to cut | bizkesalmağan edikkesalmağanekwe hadn't been able to cut | sizkesalmağan edigizkesalmağanegizyou all hadn't been able to cut | alakesalmağan edilekesalmağanellethey hadn't been able to cut |
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past background | menkesala edimkesalaemI could cut | senkesala ediŋkesalaeŋyou could cut | olkesala edikesalaedhe could cut | bizkesala edikkesalaekwe could cut | sizkesala edigizkesalaegizyou all could cut | alakesala edilekesalaellethey could cut |
| Ability — past background | menkesalmay edimkesalmayemI could not cut | senkesalmay ediŋkesalmayeŋyou could not cut | olkesalmay edikesalmayedhe could not cut | bizkesalmay edikkesalmayekwe could not cut | sizkesalmay edigizkesalmayegizyou all could not cut | alakesalmay edilekesalmayellethey could not cut |
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — future I | menkesalırmaI will be able to cut | senkesalırsayou will be able to cut | olkesalırhe will be able to cut | bizkesalırbızwe will be able to cut | sizkesalırsızyou all will be able to cut | alakesalırlathey will be able to cut |
| Ability — future I | menkesalmazmaI won't be able to cut | senkesalmazsayou won't be able to cut | olkesalmazhe won't be able to cut | bizkesalmazbızwe won't be able to cut | sizkesalmazsızyou all won't be able to cut | alakesalmazlathey won't be able to cut |
| Ability — future I | menkesalırmamı? kesalırmıma?will I be able to cut? | senkesalırmısa?will you be able to cut? | olkesalırmı?will he be able to cut? | bizkesalırbızmı? kesalırmıbız?will we be able to cut? | sizkesalırmısız?will you all be able to cut? | alakesalırlamı? kesalırmıla?will they be able to cut? |
| Ability — future I | menkesalmazmamı? kesalmazmıma?won't I be able to cut? | senkesalmazmısa?won't you be able to cut? | olkesalmazmı?won't he be able to cut? | bizkesalmazbızmı? kesalmazmıbız?won't we be able to cut? | sizkesalmazmısız?won't you all be able to cut? | alakesalmazlamı? kesalmazmıla?won't they be able to cut? |
| Ability — future II | menkesallıqmaI am going to be able to cut | senkesallıqsayou are going to be able to cut | olkesallıqdıhe is going to be able to cut | bizkesallıqbızwe are going to be able to cut | sizkesallıqsızyou all are going to be able to cut | alakesallıqdılathey are going to be able to cut |
| Ability — future II | menkesallıq tülmeI am not going to be able to cut | senkesallıq tülseyou are not going to be able to cut | olkesallıq tüldühe is not going to be able to cut | bizkesallıq tülbüzwe are not going to be able to cut | sizkesallıq tülsüzyou all are not going to be able to cut | alakesallıq tüldülethey are not going to be able to cut |
| Ability — future II | menkesallıqmamı? kesallıqmıma?am I going to be able to cut? | senkesallıqmısa?are you going to be able to cut? | olkesallıqmıdı?is he going to be able to cut? | bizkesallıqbızmı? kesallıqmıbız?are we going to be able to cut? | sizkesallıqmısız?are you all going to be able to cut? | alakesallıqmıdıla?are they going to be able to cut? |
| Ability — future II | menkesallıq tülmüme?aren't I going to be able to cut? | senkesallıq tülmüse?aren't you going to be able to cut? | olkesallıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to be able to cut? | bizkesallıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to be able to cut? | sizkesallıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to be able to cut? | alakesallıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to be able to cut? |
| Ability — would be able to… | menkesalır edimkesalır emI would be able to cut | senkesalır ediŋkesalır eŋyou would be able to cut | olkesalır edikesalır edhe would be able to cut | bizkesalır edikkesalır ekwe would be able to cut | sizkesalır edigizkesalır egizyou all would be able to cut | alakesalır edilekesalır ellethey would be able to cut |
| Ability — would be able to… | menkesalmaz edimkesalmaz emI wouldn't be able to cut | senkesalmaz ediŋkesalmaz eŋyou wouldn't be able to cut | olkesalmaz edikesalmaz edhe wouldn't be able to cut | bizkesalmaz edikkesalmaz ekwe wouldn't be able to cut | sizkesalmaz edigizkesalmaz egizyou all wouldn't be able to cut | alakesalmaz edilekesalmaz ellethey wouldn't be able to cut |
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senkesalğınkesalğımay you be able to cut | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senkesalmağınkesalmağımay you not be able to cut | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability |
With another word
| Frame | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wanting and intending | ||||||
| want to | menkeserge izleymeI want to cut | senkeserge izleyseyou want to cut | olkeserge izleydihe wants to cut | bizkeserge izleybizwe want to cut | sizkeserge izleysizyou all want to cut | alakeserge izleydilethey want to cut |
| want to | menkeserge izlemeymeI do not want to cut | senkeserge izlemeyseyou do not want to cut | olkeserge izlemeydihe does not want to cut | bizkeserge izlemeybizwe do not want to cut | sizkeserge izlemeysizyou all do not want to cut | alakeserge izlemeydilethey do not want to cut |
| would like to | menkeserge süemeI would like to cut | senkeserge süeseyou would like to cut | olkeserge süedihe would like to cut | bizkeserge süebizwe would like to cut | sizkeserge süesizyou all would like to cut | alakeserge süedilethey would like to cut |
| would like to | menkeserge süymeymeI would not like to cut | senkeserge süymeyseyou would not like to cut | olkeserge süymeydihe would not like to cut | bizkeserge süymeybizwe would not like to cut | sizkeserge süymeysizyou all would not like to cut | alakeserge süymeydilethey would not like to cut |
| hope to | menkeserge umutlanamaI hope to cut | senkeserge umutlanasayou hope to cut | olkeserge umutlanadıhe hopes to cut | bizkeserge umutlanabızwe hope to cut | sizkeserge umutlanasızyou all hope to cut | alakeserge umutlanadılathey hope to cut |
| hope to | menkeserge umutlanmaymaI do not hope to cut | senkeserge umutlanmaysayou do not hope to cut | olkeserge umutlanmaydıhe does not hope to cut | bizkeserge umutlanmaybızwe do not hope to cut | sizkeserge umutlanmaysızyou all do not hope to cut | alakeserge umutlanmaydılathey do not hope to cut |
| be about to | menkeserge deb turamaI am about to cut | senkeserge deb turasayou are about to cut | olkeserge deb turadıhe is about to cut | bizkeserge deb turabızwe are about to cut | sizkeserge deb turasızyou all are about to cut | alakeserge deb turadılathey are about to cut |
| be about to | menkeserge deb turmaymaI am not about to cut | senkeserge deb turmaysayou are not about to cut | olkeserge deb turmaydıhe is not about to cut | bizkeserge deb turmaybızwe are not about to cut | sizkeserge deb turmaysızyou all are not about to cut | alakeserge deb turmaydılathey are not about to cut |
| Need and obligation | ||||||
| need to | menkeserge kerekmeI need to cut | senkeserge kerekseyou need to cut | olkeserge kerekdihe needs to cut | bizkeserge kerekbizwe need to cut | sizkeserge kereksizyou all need to cut | alakeserge kerekdilethey need to cut |
| need to | menkeserge kerek tülmeI do not need to cut | senkeserge kerek tülseyou do not need to cut | olkeserge kerek tüldühe does not need to cut | bizkeserge kerek tülbüzwe do not need to cut | sizkeserge kerek tülsüzyou all do not need to cut | alakeserge kerek tüldülethey do not need to cut |
| have to | menmenŋe keserge tüşediI have to cut | sensenŋe keserge tüşediyou have to cut | olaŋa keserge tüşedihe has to cut | bizbizge keserge tüşediwe have to cut | sizsizge keserge tüşediyou all have to cut | alaalağa keserge tüşedithey have to cut |
| have to | menmenŋe keserge tüşmeydiI do not have to cut | sensenŋe keserge tüşmeydiyou do not have to cut | olaŋa keserge tüşmeydihe does not have to cut | bizbizge keserge tüşmeydiwe do not have to cut | sizsizge keserge tüşmeydiyou all do not have to cut | alaalağa keserge tüşmeydithey do not have to cut |
| be obliged to | menkeserge borçlumaI am obliged to cut | senkeserge borçlusayou are obliged to cut | olkeserge borçluduhe is obliged to cut | bizkeserge borçlubuzwe are obliged to cut | sizkeserge borçlusuzyou all are obliged to cut | alakeserge borçludulathey are obliged to cut |
| be obliged to | menkeserge borçlu tülmeI am not obliged to cut | senkeserge borçlu tülseyou are not obliged to cut | olkeserge borçlu tüldühe is not obliged to cut | bizkeserge borçlu tülbüzwe are not obliged to cut | sizkeserge borçlu tülsüzyou all are not obliged to cut | alakeserge borçlu tüldülethey are not obliged to cut |
| Possibility and permission | ||||||
| have a way to | menkeserge madarım bardıI have a way to cut | senkeserge madarıŋ bardıyou have a way to cut | olkeserge madarı bardıhe has a way to cut | bizkeserge madarıbız bardıwe have a way to cut | sizkeserge madarığız bardıyou all have a way to cut | alakeserge madarları bardıthey have a way to cut |
| have a way to | menkeserge madarım joqduI have no way to cut | senkeserge madarıŋ joqduyou have no way to cut | olkeserge madarı joqduhe has no way to cut | bizkeserge madarıbız joqduwe have no way to cut | sizkeserge madarığız joqduyou all have no way to cut | alakeserge madarları joqduthey have no way to cut |
| be free to | menkeserge erkinligim bardıI am free to cut | senkeserge erkinligiŋ bardıyou are free to cut | olkeserge erkinligi bardıhe is free to cut | bizkeserge erkinligibiz bardıwe are free to cut | sizkeserge erkinligigiz bardıyou all are free to cut | alakeserge erkinlikleri bardıthey are free to cut |
| be free to | menkeserge erkinligim joqduI am not free to cut | senkeserge erkinligiŋ joqduyou are not free to cut | olkeserge erkinligi joqduhe is not free to cut | bizkeserge erkinligibiz joqduwe are not free to cut | sizkeserge erkinligigiz joqduyou all are not free to cut | alakeserge erkinlikleri joqduthey are not free to cut |
| be possible to | menmenŋe keserge bolluqduit is possible for me to cut | sensenŋe keserge bolluqduit is possible for you to cut | olaŋa keserge bolluqduit is possible for him to cut | bizbizge keserge bolluqduit is possible for us to cut | sizsizge keserge bolluqduit is possible for you all to cut | alaalağa keserge bolluqduit is possible for them to cut |
| be possible to | menmenŋe keserge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for me to cut | sensenŋe keserge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you to cut | olaŋa keserge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for him to cut | bizbizge keserge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for us to cut | sizsizge keserge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you all to cut | alaalağa keserge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for them to cut |
| be ready to | menkeserge hazırmaI am ready to cut | senkeserge hazırsayou are ready to cut | olkeserge hazırdıhe is ready to cut | bizkeserge hazırbızwe are ready to cut | sizkeserge hazırsızyou all are ready to cut | alakeserge hazırdılathey are ready to cut |
| be ready to | menkeserge hazır tülmeI am not ready to cut | senkeserge hazır tülseyou are not ready to cut | olkeserge hazır tüldühe is not ready to cut | bizkeserge hazır tülbüzwe are not ready to cut | sizkeserge hazır tülsüzyou all are not ready to cut | alakeserge hazır tüldülethey are not ready to cut |
| Trying, agreeing, hurrying, fearing | ||||||
| try to | menkeserge küreşemeI am trying to cut | senkeserge küreşeseyou are trying to cut | olkeserge küreşedihe is trying to cut | bizkeserge küreşebizwe are trying to cut | sizkeserge küreşesizyou all are trying to cut | alakeserge küreşedilethey are trying to cut |
| try to | menkeserge küreşmeymeI am not trying to cut | senkeserge küreşmeyseyou are not trying to cut | olkeserge küreşmeydihe is not trying to cut | bizkeserge küreşmeybizwe are not trying to cut | sizkeserge küreşmeysizyou all are not trying to cut | alakeserge küreşmeydilethey are not trying to cut |
| agree to | menkeserge unaymaI agree to cut | senkeserge unaysayou agree to cut | olkeserge unaydıhe agrees to cut | bizkeserge unaybızwe agree to cut | sizkeserge unaysızyou all agree to cut | alakeserge unaydılathey agree to cut |
| agree to | menkeserge unamaymaI refuse to cut | senkeserge unamaysayou refuse to cut | olkeserge unamaydıhe refuses to cut | bizkeserge unamaybızwe refuse to cut | sizkeserge unamaysızyou all refuse to cut | alakeserge unamaydılathey refuse to cut |
| hurry to | menkeserge aşığamaI am in a hurry to cut | senkeserge aşığasayou are in a hurry to cut | olkeserge aşığadıhe is in a hurry to cut | bizkeserge aşığabızwe are in a hurry to cut | sizkeserge aşığasızyou all are in a hurry to cut | alakeserge aşığadılathey are in a hurry to cut |
| hurry to | menkeserge aşıqmaymaI am in no hurry to cut | senkeserge aşıqmaysayou are in no hurry to cut | olkeserge aşıqmaydıhe is in no hurry to cut | bizkeserge aşıqmaybızwe are in no hurry to cut | sizkeserge aşıqmaysızyou all are in no hurry to cut | alakeserge aşıqmaydılathey are in no hurry to cut |
| be afraid to | menkeserge qorqamaI am afraid to cut | senkeserge qorqasayou are afraid to cut | olkeserge qorqadıhe is afraid to cut | bizkeserge qorqabızwe are afraid to cut | sizkeserge qorqasızyou all are afraid to cut | alakeserge qorqadılathey are afraid to cut |
| be afraid to | menkeserge qorqmaymaI am not afraid to cut | senkeserge qorqmaysayou are not afraid to cut | olkeserge qorqmaydıhe is not afraid to cut | bizkeserge qorqmaybızwe are not afraid to cut | sizkeserge qorqmaysızyou all are not afraid to cut | alakeserge qorqmaydılathey are not afraid to cut |
Emphatic and rare forms
| Form | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present — auxiliary negated | menkese bolmazmaI can't be cutting | senkese bolmazsayou can't be cutting | olkese bolmazhe can't be cutting | bizkese bolmazbızwe can't be cutting | sizkese bolmazsızyou all can't be cutting | alakese bolmazlathey can't be cutting |
| Inference, present — double negation | menkesmey bolmazmaI must be cutting (emphatic) | senkesmey bolmazsayou must be cutting (emphatic) | olkesmey bolmazhe must be cutting (emphatic) | bizkesmey bolmazbızwe must be cutting (emphatic) | sizkesmey bolmazsızyou all must be cutting (emphatic) | alakesmey bolmazlathey must be cutting (emphatic) |
| Progressive conditional — auxiliary negated | menkese turmasamif I don't keep cutting | senkese turmasaŋif you don't keep cutting | olkese turmasaif he doesn't keep cutting | bizkese turmasaqif we don't keep cutting | sizkese turmasağızif you all don't keep cutting | alakese turmasalaif they don't keep cutting |
| Inference, progressive — auxiliary negated | menkese tura bolmazmaI can't be in the middle of cutting | senkese tura bolmazsayou can't be in the middle of cutting | olkese tura bolmazhe can't be in the middle of cutting | bizkese tura bolmazbızwe can't be in the middle of cutting | sizkese tura bolmazsızyou all can't be in the middle of cutting | alakese tura bolmazlathey can't be in the middle of cutting |
| Inference, progressive — double negation | menkesmey tura bolmazmaI must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | senkesmey tura bolmazsayou must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | olkesmey tura bolmazhe must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | bizkesmey tura bolmazbızwe must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | sizkesmey tura bolmazsızyou all must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | alakesmey tura bolmazlathey must keep on not cutting (emphatic) |
| Progressive — verb negated | menkesmey turamaI keep on not cutting | senkesmey turasayou keep on not cutting | olkesmey turadıhe keeps on not cutting | bizkesmey turabızwe keep on not cutting | sizkesmey turasızyou all keep on not cutting | alakesmey turadılathey keep on not cutting |
| Progressive — double negation | menkesmey turmaymaI am not keeping on not cutting | senkesmey turmaysayou are not keeping on not cutting | olkesmey turmaydıhe is not keeping on not cutting | bizkesmey turmaybızwe are not keeping on not cutting | sizkesmey turmaysızyou all are not keeping on not cutting | alakesmey turmaydılathey are not keeping on not cutting |
| Progressive — double negation | menkesmey turmaymımaaren't I keeping on not cutting? | senkesmey turmaymısaaren't you keeping on not cutting? | olkesmey turmaymıdıisn't he keeping on not cutting? | bizkesmey turmaymıbızaren't we keeping on not cutting? | sizkesmey turmaymısızaren't you all keeping on not cutting? | alakesmey turmaymıdılaaren't they keeping on not cutting? |
| Inference — auxiliary negated | menkesgen bolmazmaI can't have cut | senkesgen bolmazsayou can't have cut | olkesgen bolmazhe can't have cut | bizkesgen bolmazbızwe can't have cut | sizkesgen bolmazsızyou all can't have cut | alakesgen bolmazlathey can't have cut |
| Inference — double negation | menkesmegen bolmazmaI must have cut (emphatic) | senkesmegen bolmazsayou must have cut (emphatic) | olkesmegen bolmazhe must have cut (emphatic) | bizkesmegen bolmazbızwe must have cut (emphatic) | sizkesmegen bolmazsızyou all must have cut (emphatic) | alakesmegen bolmazlathey must have cut (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual — auxiliary negated | menkesgen bolmasamif it weren't that I had cut | senkesgen bolmasaŋif it weren't that you had cut | olkesgen bolmasaif it weren't that he had cut | bizkesgen bolmasaqif it weren't that we had cut | sizkesgen bolmasağızif it weren't that you all had cut | alakesgen bolmasalaif it weren't that they had cut |
| Counterfactual — double negation | menkesmegen bolmasamif it weren't that I hadn't cut | senkesmegen bolmasaŋif it weren't that you hadn't cut | olkesmegen bolmasaif it weren't that he hadn't cut | bizkesmegen bolmasaqif it weren't that we hadn't cut | sizkesmegen bolmasağızif it weren't that you all hadn't cut | alakesmegen bolmasalaif it weren't that they hadn't cut |
| Inference, future — auxiliary negated | menkeserik bolmazmaI can't be going to cut | senkeserik bolmazsayou can't be going to cut | olkeserik bolmazhe can't be going to cut | bizkeserik bolmazbızwe can't be going to cut | sizkeserik bolmazsızyou all can't be going to cut | alakeserik bolmazlathey can't be going to cut |
| Inference, future — double negation | menkesmezlik bolmazmaI must be going to cut (emphatic) | senkesmezlik bolmazsayou must be going to cut (emphatic) | olkesmezlik bolmazhe must be going to cut (emphatic) | bizkesmezlik bolmazbızwe must be going to cut (emphatic) | sizkesmezlik bolmazsızyou all must be going to cut (emphatic) | alakesmezlik bolmazlathey must be going to cut (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual future — auxiliary negated | menkeserik bolmasamif it weren't that I were going to cut | senkeserik bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were going to cut | olkeserik bolmasaif it weren't that he were going to cut | bizkeserik bolmasaqif it weren't that we were going to cut | sizkeserik bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were going to cut | alakeserik bolmasalaif it weren't that they were going to cut |
| Counterfactual future — double negation | menkesmezlik bolmasamif it weren't that I were not going to cut | senkesmezlik bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were not going to cut | olkesmezlik bolmasaif it weren't that he were not going to cut | bizkesmezlik bolmasaqif it weren't that we were not going to cut | sizkesmezlik bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were not going to cut | alakesmezlik bolmasalaif it weren't that they were not going to cut |