qıraw
/qɯraw/ · plural qırawla
1. hoarfrost, rime — The white coating of ice crystals that settles on grass and trees.
- qıraw bashan terekle — trees covered with hoarfrost
- terekleni qıraw bashandı — the trees are covered with hoarfrost
- aq qıraw — white rime
- qıraw tartarğa — to become covered with rime
2. night frost, light frost, cold snap — The morning or evening cold of late autumn and early spring, which nips the crop.
- qıraw ura başlağandı — the frosts have begun
- ertde tüşgen qıraw — an early frost
- qıraw tüşgendi — there has been a frost
- küz artı qıraw — a late-autumn frost
- küzgü qıraw — the autumn frost
3. dim-sighted, weak-sighted
- qıraw adam — a dim-sighted person
- qıraw közle — dim eyes
- bir közü qıraw — one of his eyes is dim
- qıraw qart — a dim-sighted old man
- közleri qırawdu — his eyes are dim
Expressions
- kekeline qıraw qağarğa — go gray
- qıraw urğan kaskaça — crestfallen and flustered
As a noun
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qırawthe hoarfrost | qırawummy hoarfrost | qırawuŋyour hoarfrost | qırawuhis hoarfrost | qırawubuzour hoarfrost | qırawuğuzyou all's hoarfrost | qırawlarıtheir hoarfrosts |
| Genitive | qırawnuthe hoarfrost's | qırawumumy hoarfrost's | qırawuŋuyour hoarfrost's | qırawunuhis hoarfrost's | qırawubuznuour hoarfrost's | qırawuğuznuyou all's hoarfrost's | qırawlarınıtheir hoarfrosts' |
| Accusative | qırawnuthe hoarfrost (as the object) | qırawumumy hoarfrost (as the object) | qırawuŋuyour hoarfrost (as the object) | qırawunhis hoarfrost (as the object) | qırawubuznuour hoarfrost (as the object) | qırawuğuznuyou all's hoarfrost (as the object) | qırawlarıntheir hoarfrosts (as the object) |
| Dative | qırawğato the hoarfrost | qırawumato my hoarfrost | qırawuŋato your hoarfrost | qırawunato his hoarfrost | qırawubuzğato our hoarfrost | qırawuğuzğato you all's hoarfrost | qırawlarınato their hoarfrosts |
| Locative | qırawdain / at the hoarfrost | qırawumdain / at my hoarfrost | qırawuŋdain / at your hoarfrost | qırawundain / at his hoarfrost | qırawubuzdain / at our hoarfrost | qırawuğuzdain / at you all's hoarfrost | qırawlarındain / at their hoarfrosts |
| Ablative | qırawdanfrom the hoarfrost | qırawumdanfrom my hoarfrost | qırawuŋdanfrom your hoarfrost | qırawundanfrom his hoarfrost | qırawubuzdanfrom our hoarfrost | qırawuğuzdanfrom you all's hoarfrost | qırawlarındanfrom their hoarfrosts |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qırawlathe hoarfrosts | qırawlarımmy hoarfrosts | qırawlarıŋyour hoarfrosts | qırawlarıhis hoarfrosts | qırawlarıbızour hoarfrosts | qırawlarığızyou all's hoarfrosts | qırawlarıtheir hoarfrosts |
| Genitive | qırawlanıthe hoarfrosts' | qırawlarımımy hoarfrosts' | qırawlarıŋıyour hoarfrosts' | qırawlarınıhis hoarfrosts' | qırawlarıbıznıour hoarfrosts' | qırawlarığıznıyou all's hoarfrosts' | qırawlarınıtheir hoarfrosts' |
| Accusative | qırawlanıthe hoarfrosts (as the object) | qırawlarımımy hoarfrosts (as the object) | qırawlarıŋıyour hoarfrosts (as the object) | qırawlarınhis hoarfrosts (as the object) | qırawlarıbıznıour hoarfrosts (as the object) | qırawlarığıznıyou all's hoarfrosts (as the object) | qırawlarıntheir hoarfrosts (as the object) |
| Dative | qırawlağato the hoarfrosts | qırawlarımato my hoarfrosts | qırawlarıŋato your hoarfrosts | qırawlarınato his hoarfrosts | qırawlarıbızğato our hoarfrosts | qırawlarığızğato you all's hoarfrosts | qırawlarınato their hoarfrosts |
| Locative | qırawladain / at the hoarfrosts | qırawlarımdain / at my hoarfrosts | qırawlarıŋdain / at your hoarfrosts | qırawlarındain / at his hoarfrosts | qırawlarıbızdain / at our hoarfrosts | qırawlarığızdain / at you all's hoarfrosts | qırawlarındain / at their hoarfrosts |
| Ablative | qırawladanfrom the hoarfrosts | qırawlarımdanfrom my hoarfrosts | qırawlarıŋdanfrom your hoarfrosts | qırawlarındanfrom his hoarfrosts | qırawlarıbızdanfrom our hoarfrosts | qırawlarığızdanfrom you all's hoarfrosts | qırawlarındanfrom their hoarfrosts |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: qırawları can mean "his / her hoarfrosts", "their hoarfrost", or "their hoarfrosts" — context decides.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.
As an adjective
Saying it about someone
| Degree | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | qırawmaI am dim-sighted | qırawsayou are dim-sighted | qırawduhe is dim-sighted | qırawbuzwe are dim-sighted | qırawsuzyou all are dim-sighted | qırawdulathey are dim-sighted |
To compare two things, put the loser in the from-form: ol menden qırawdu — "compared to me, he is dim-sighted."
Saying it about mine, yours, theirs
One thing
| Degree | menikimine | senikiyours | anıqıhis / hers | biznikiours | siznikiyours (pl.) | alanıqıtheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | meniki qırawdumine is dim-sighted | seniki qırawduyours is dim-sighted | anıqı qırawduhis is dim-sighted | bizniki qırawduours is dim-sighted | sizniki qırawduyours (pl.) is dim-sighted | alanıqı qırawdutheirs is dim-sighted |
Several things
| Degree | menikilemine | senikileyours | anıqılahis / hers | biznikileours | siznikileyours (pl.) | alanıqılatheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | menikile qırawdulamine are dim-sighted | senikile qırawdulayours are dim-sighted | anıqıla qırawdulahis are dim-sighted | biznikile qırawdulaours are dim-sighted | siznikile qırawdulayours (pl.) are dim-sighted | alanıqıla qırawdulatheirs are dim-sighted |
Any thing takes the third-person ending, not only these: bu qırawdu, bıla qırawdula. In texts biznikile is usually kesibiznikile, "our own people", and a surname with -nıqıla names a family: Dudalanıqıla, "the Dudas".