gılja
/ɡɯldʒa/ · plural gıljala
1. crooked, curved, bent in an arc
- gılja müyüz — a crooked horn
- gılja burun — a hooked nose
- gılja tayaq — a bent stick
- teyri qılıç kibik gılja — curved like a rainbow
- gılja jolçuq — a crooked little path
2. cow with crooked horns
- gıljanı sawarğa — to milk the crooked-horned cow
- gıljanı satdıla — they sold the crooked-horned cow
- süt bermegen gılja — a crooked-horned cow that gives no milk
- gılja arbazda turadı — the crooked-horned cow is standing in the yard
3. poor, scrawny cow
- gıljağa suw içir — water the poor cow
- bu gılja süt bermeydi — this scrawny cow gives no milk
- jaŋız gıljabızğa biçen eterge — to make hay for our only poor cow
- arıq gılja — a thin, scrawny cow
As an adjective
Saying it about mine, yours, theirs
One thing
| Degree | menikimine | senikiyours | anıqıhis / hers | biznikiours | siznikiyours (pl.) | alanıqıtheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | meniki gıljadımine is crooked | seniki gıljadıyours is crooked | anıqı gıljadıhis is crooked | bizniki gıljadıours is crooked | sizniki gıljadıyours (pl.) is crooked | alanıqı gıljadıtheirs is crooked |
Several things
| Degree | menikilemine | senikileyours | anıqılahis / hers | biznikileours | siznikileyours (pl.) | alanıqılatheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | menikile gıljadılamine are crooked | senikile gıljadılayours are crooked | anıqıla gıljadılahis are crooked | biznikile gıljadılaours are crooked | siznikile gıljadılayours (pl.) are crooked | alanıqıla gıljadılatheirs are crooked |
Any thing takes the third-person ending, not only these: bu gıljadı, bıla gıljadıla. In texts biznikile is usually kesibiznikile, "our own people", and a surname with -nıqıla names a family: Dudalanıqıla, "the Dudas".
As a noun
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gıljathe cow with crooked horns | gıljammy cow with crooked horns | gıljaŋyour cow with crooked horns | gıljasıhis cow with crooked horns | gıljabızour cow with crooked horns | gıljağızyou all's cow with crooked horns | gıljalarıtheir cows with crooked horns |
| Genitive | gıljanıthe cow with crooked horns' | gıljamımy cow with crooked horns' | gıljaŋıyour cow with crooked horns' | gıljasınıhis cow with crooked horns' | gıljabıznıour cow with crooked horns' | gıljağıznıyou all's cow with crooked horns' | gıljalarınıtheir cows with crooked horns' |
| Accusative | gıljanıthe cow with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljamımy cow with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljaŋıyour cow with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljasınhis cow with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljabıznıour cow with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljağıznıyou all's cow with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarıntheir cows with crooked horns (as the object) |
| Dative | gıljağato the cow with crooked horns | gıljamato my cow with crooked horns | gıljaŋato your cow with crooked horns | gıljasınato his cow with crooked horns | gıljabızğato our cow with crooked horns | gıljağızğato you all's cow with crooked horns | gıljalarınato their cows with crooked horns |
| Locative | gıljadain / at the cow with crooked horns | gıljamdain / at my cow with crooked horns | gıljaŋdain / at your cow with crooked horns | gıljasındain / at his cow with crooked horns | gıljabızdain / at our cow with crooked horns | gıljağızdain / at you all's cow with crooked horns | gıljalarındain / at their cows with crooked horns |
| Ablative | gıljadanfrom the cow with crooked horns | gıljamdanfrom my cow with crooked horns | gıljaŋdanfrom your cow with crooked horns | gıljasındanfrom his cow with crooked horns | gıljabızdanfrom our cow with crooked horns | gıljağızdanfrom you all's cow with crooked horns | gıljalarındanfrom their cows with crooked horns |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gıljalathe cows with crooked horns | gıljalarımmy cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıŋyour cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıhis cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıbızour cows with crooked horns | gıljalarığızyou all's cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıtheir cows with crooked horns |
| Genitive | gıljalanıthe cows with crooked horns' | gıljalarımımy cows with crooked horns' | gıljalarıŋıyour cows with crooked horns' | gıljalarınıhis cows with crooked horns' | gıljalarıbıznıour cows with crooked horns' | gıljalarığıznıyou all's cows with crooked horns' | gıljalarınıtheir cows with crooked horns' |
| Accusative | gıljalanıthe cows with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarımımy cows with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarıŋıyour cows with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarınhis cows with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarıbıznıour cows with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarığıznıyou all's cows with crooked horns (as the object) | gıljalarıntheir cows with crooked horns (as the object) |
| Dative | gıljalağato the cows with crooked horns | gıljalarımato my cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıŋato your cows with crooked horns | gıljalarınato his cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıbızğato our cows with crooked horns | gıljalarığızğato you all's cows with crooked horns | gıljalarınato their cows with crooked horns |
| Locative | gıljaladain / at the cows with crooked horns | gıljalarımdain / at my cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıŋdain / at your cows with crooked horns | gıljalarındain / at his cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıbızdain / at our cows with crooked horns | gıljalarığızdain / at you all's cows with crooked horns | gıljalarındain / at their cows with crooked horns |
| Ablative | gıljaladanfrom the cows with crooked horns | gıljalarımdanfrom my cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıŋdanfrom your cows with crooked horns | gıljalarındanfrom his cows with crooked horns | gıljalarıbızdanfrom our cows with crooked horns | gıljalarığızdanfrom you all's cows with crooked horns | gıljalarındanfrom their cows with crooked horns |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: gıljaları can mean "his / her cows with crooked horns", "their cow with crooked horns", or "their cows with crooked horns" — context decides.
Whose it is
| Case | one thing, one owner | several things, one owner | one thing, several owners | several things, several owners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gıljanıqıthe cow with crooked horns' one | gıljanıqılathe cow with crooked horns' ones | gıljalanıqıthe cows with crooked horns' one | gıljalanıqılathe cows with crooked horns' ones |
| Genitive | gıljanıqınıof the cow with crooked horns' one | gıljanıqılanıof the cow with crooked horns' ones | gıljalanıqınıof the cows with crooked horns' one | gıljalanıqılanıof the cows with crooked horns' ones |
| Accusative | gıljanıqınthe cow with crooked horns' one (as the object) | gıljanıqılanıthe cow with crooked horns' ones (as the object) | gıljalanıqınthe cows with crooked horns' one (as the object) | gıljalanıqılanıthe cows with crooked horns' ones (as the object) |
| Dative | gıljanıqınato the cow with crooked horns' one | gıljanıqılağato the cow with crooked horns' ones | gıljalanıqınato the cows with crooked horns' one | gıljalanıqılağato the cows with crooked horns' ones |
| Locative | gıljanıqındain / at the cow with crooked horns' one | gıljanıqıladain / at the cow with crooked horns' ones | gıljalanıqındain / at the cows with crooked horns' one | gıljalanıqıladain / at the cows with crooked horns' ones |
| Ablative | gıljanıqındanfrom the cow with crooked horns' one | gıljanıqıladanfrom the cow with crooked horns' ones | gıljalanıqındanfrom the cows with crooked horns' one | gıljalanıqıladanfrom the cows with crooked horns' ones |
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.