eski
/eski/ · plural eskile
1. old, worn out (of objects)
- eski palton — an old coat
- eski üy — an old house
- eski kiyimle — old clothes
- palton eski bolğandı — the coat has worn out
2. ancient, of old times
- eski jırla — old songs
- eski zamanda — in olden times
- eski jol — an old road
- eski üy orunla — the sites of old houses
3. longstanding, of long acquaintance — Used of friends, acquaintances and obligations one has had for a long time.
- eski teŋ — a longstanding friend
- eski şohum — my longstanding friend
- eski tanışlarına tübeb — meeting his old acquaintances
- eski teŋlerinden biri — one of his old friends
- eski borçubuz — our longstanding obligation
4. former, previous
- eski ustazım — my former teacher
- eski üyübüz — our previous house
- eski iesine — to its previous owner
5. outdated, out of date (of customs or methods)
- eski adetle — outdated customs
- eski joruqla — outdated rules
- eski amal — an outdated method
- bu adet eski bolğandı — this custom has become outdated
6. invalid, no longer valid — Said of tickets, papers and money that have gone out of use.
- eski bilet — an invalid ticket
- eski açha — invalid money
- bilet eski bolğandı — the ticket is no longer valid
7. stale, no longer fresh (of food)
- eski jaw — stale butter
- eski şorpa — stale soup
- ötmek eski bolğandı — the bread has gone stale
8. chronic (of an illness)
- eski awruw — a chronic illness
- eski awruwdan qıynaladı — he suffers from a chronic illness
- eski awruwları qozğalğandıla — their chronic illnesses have flared up
9. experienced, skilled through long practice
- eski awçu — a seasoned hunter
- ol eski börüdü — he is an old wolf
- eski işçiledile, etallıqdıla — they are seasoned workers, they will manage it
10. trite, hackneyed, stereotyped (of a phrase or idea)
- eski çam — a hackneyed joke
- eski hapar — a trite story
- sözleri eskidile — their words are trite
11. clothes, laundry, underwear
- eski juwarğa — to wash laundry
- eski jamarğa — to mend clothes
- kebgen eskile — dried laundry
- eski juwğan üy — a laundry house
- anam eski juwadı — my mother does the laundry
12. the past, what is obsolete
- eski bla jaŋı — the old and the new
- eskini unutmayıq — let us not forget the past
- eskige qaytmaybız — we do not return to the past
- baş boldu eskige açılğan küreşde — he prevailed in the struggle against the old
Expressions
- aybazlanı eski baw orunlarına jetdirirge — see it through
- eski tırnaq arqa qaşırğa jarar — respect your elders
- eski tilin çaynarğa — put a child off
- eski tonun qağarğa — dress down
As an adjective
Degrees and persons
| Degree | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | eskimeI am old | eskiseyou are old | eskidihe is old | eskibizwe are old | eskisizyou all are old | eskidilethey are old |
| comparative — more | eskirekmeI am older | eskirekseyou are older | eskirekdihe is older | eskirekbizwe are older | eskireksizyou all are older | eskirekdilethey are older |
| intensifier — very | bek eskimeI am very old | bek eskiseyou are very old | bek eskidihe is very old | bek eskibizwe are very old | bek eskisizyou all are very old | bek eskidilethey are very old |
| superlative — most | em eskimeI am the oldest | em eskiseyou are the oldest | em eskidihe is the oldest | em eskibizwe are the oldest | em eskisizyou all are the oldest | em eskidilethey are the oldest |
To compare two things, put the loser in the from-form: ol menden eskidi — "compared to me, he is old."
Saying it about mine, yours, theirs
One thing
| Degree | menikimine | senikiyours | anıqıhis / hers | biznikiours | siznikiyours (pl.) | alanıqıtheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | meniki eskidimine is old | seniki eskidiyours is old | anıqı eskidihis is old | bizniki eskidiours is old | sizniki eskidiyours (pl.) is old | alanıqı eskiditheirs is old |
| comparative — more | meniki eskirekdimine is older | seniki eskirekdiyours is older | anıqı eskirekdihis is older | bizniki eskirekdiours is older | sizniki eskirekdiyours (pl.) is older | alanıqı eskirekditheirs is older |
| intensifier — very | meniki bek eskidimine is very old | seniki bek eskidiyours is very old | anıqı bek eskidihis is very old | bizniki bek eskidiours is very old | sizniki bek eskidiyours (pl.) is very old | alanıqı bek eskiditheirs is very old |
| superlative — most | meniki em eskidimine is the oldest | seniki em eskidiyours is the oldest | anıqı em eskidihis is the oldest | bizniki em eskidiours is the oldest | sizniki em eskidiyours (pl.) is the oldest | alanıqı em eskiditheirs is the oldest |
Several things
| Degree | menikilemine | senikileyours | anıqılahis / hers | biznikileours | siznikileyours (pl.) | alanıqılatheirs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | menikile eskidilemine are old | senikile eskidileyours are old | anıqıla eskidilehis are old | biznikile eskidileours are old | siznikile eskidileyours (pl.) are old | alanıqıla eskidiletheirs are old |
| comparative — more | menikile eskirekdilemine are older | senikile eskirekdileyours are older | anıqıla eskirekdilehis are older | biznikile eskirekdileours are older | siznikile eskirekdileyours (pl.) are older | alanıqıla eskirekdiletheirs are older |
| intensifier — very | menikile bek eskidilemine are very old | senikile bek eskidileyours are very old | anıqıla bek eskidilehis are very old | biznikile bek eskidileours are very old | siznikile bek eskidileyours (pl.) are very old | alanıqıla bek eskidiletheirs are very old |
| superlative — most | menikile em eskidilemine are the oldest | senikile em eskidileyours are the oldest | anıqıla em eskidilehis are the oldest | biznikile em eskidileours are the oldest | siznikile em eskidileyours (pl.) are the oldest | alanıqıla em eskidiletheirs are the oldest |
Any thing takes the third-person ending, not only these: bu eskidi, bıla eskidile. In texts biznikile is usually kesibiznikile, "our own people", and a surname with -nıqıla names a family: Dudalanıqıla, "the Dudas".
As a noun
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | eskithe clothes | eskimmy clothes | eskiŋyour clothes | eskisihis clothes | eskibizour clothes | eskigizyou all's clothes | eskileritheir clothes |
| Genitive | eskinithe clothes' | eskimimy clothes' | eskiŋiyour clothes' | eskisinihis clothes' | eskibizniour clothes' | eskigizniyou all's clothes' | eskilerinitheir clothes' |
| Accusative | eskinithe clothes (as the object) | eskimimy clothes (as the object) | eskiŋiyour clothes (as the object) | eskisinhis clothes (as the object) | eskibizniour clothes (as the object) | eskigizniyou all's clothes (as the object) | eskilerintheir clothes (as the object) |
| Dative | eskigeto the clothes | eskimeto my clothes | eskiŋeto your clothes | eskisineto his clothes | eskibizgeto our clothes | eskigizgeto you all's clothes | eskilerineto their clothes |
| Locative | eskidein / at the clothes | eskimdein / at my clothes | eskiŋdein / at your clothes | eskisindein / at his clothes | eskibizdein / at our clothes | eskigizdein / at you all's clothes | eskilerindein / at their clothes |
| Ablative | eskidenfrom the clothes | eskimdenfrom my clothes | eskiŋdenfrom your clothes | eskisindenfrom his clothes | eskibizdenfrom our clothes | eskigizdenfrom you all's clothes | eskilerindenfrom their clothes |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | eskilethe clothes | eskilerimmy clothes | eskileriŋyour clothes | eskilerihis clothes | eskileribizour clothes | eskilerigizyou all's clothes | eskileritheir clothes |
| Genitive | eskilenithe clothes' | eskilerimimy clothes' | eskileriŋiyour clothes' | eskilerinihis clothes' | eskileribizniour clothes' | eskilerigizniyou all's clothes' | eskilerinitheir clothes' |
| Accusative | eskilenithe clothes (as the object) | eskilerimimy clothes (as the object) | eskileriŋiyour clothes (as the object) | eskilerinhis clothes (as the object) | eskileribizniour clothes (as the object) | eskilerigizniyou all's clothes (as the object) | eskilerintheir clothes (as the object) |
| Dative | eskilegeto the clothes | eskilerimeto my clothes | eskileriŋeto your clothes | eskilerineto his clothes | eskileribizgeto our clothes | eskilerigizgeto you all's clothes | eskilerineto their clothes |
| Locative | eskiledein / at the clothes | eskilerimdein / at my clothes | eskileriŋdein / at your clothes | eskilerindein / at his clothes | eskileribizdein / at our clothes | eskilerigizdein / at you all's clothes | eskilerindein / at their clothes |
| Ablative | eskiledenfrom the clothes | eskilerimdenfrom my clothes | eskileriŋdenfrom your clothes | eskilerindenfrom his clothes | eskileribizdenfrom our clothes | eskilerigizdenfrom you all's clothes | eskilerindenfrom their clothes |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: eskileri can mean "his / her clothes", "their clothes", or "their clothes" — context decides.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.