val
/val/ · plural valla
1. shaft, the rotating cylinder of a machine that drives its other parts
- tirmenni valı — the shaft of the mill
- tirmenleni valların alışındırğandıla — they replaced the shafts of the mills
- val tohtamay buruladı — the shaft turns without stopping
- valnı bururğa — to turn the shaft
2. gross output, the total product of an enterprise taken as one figure — Often used before another noun to mean gross, as in val hayır gross income.
- val hayır — gross income
- val hayırnı ösdürürge — to increase the gross income
- bu jıl val hayır ösgendi — this year the gross income has grown
3. rampart, embankment, earthen bank
- topuraq val — an earthen rampart
- qalanı valı — the rampart of the fortress
- suwnu jağasında miyik val — a high embankment on the bank of the river
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | valthe shaft | valımmy shaft | valıŋyour shaft | valıhis shaft | valıbızour shaft | valığızyou all's shaft | vallarıtheir shafts |
| Genitive | valnıthe shaft's | valımımy shaft's | valıŋıyour shaft's | valınıhis shaft's | valıbıznıour shaft's | valığıznıyou all's shaft's | vallarınıtheir shafts' |
| Accusative | valnıthe shaft (as the object) | valımımy shaft (as the object) | valıŋıyour shaft (as the object) | valınhis shaft (as the object) | valıbıznıour shaft (as the object) | valığıznıyou all's shaft (as the object) | vallarıntheir shafts (as the object) |
| Dative | valğato the shaft | valımato my shaft | valıŋato your shaft | valınato his shaft | valıbızğato our shaft | valığızğato you all's shaft | vallarınato their shafts |
| Locative | valdain / at the shaft | valımdain / at my shaft | valıŋdain / at your shaft | valındain / at his shaft | valıbızdain / at our shaft | valığızdain / at you all's shaft | vallarındain / at their shafts |
| Ablative | valdanfrom the shaft | valımdanfrom my shaft | valıŋdanfrom your shaft | valındanfrom his shaft | valıbızdanfrom our shaft | valığızdanfrom you all's shaft | vallarındanfrom their shafts |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | vallathe shafts | vallarımmy shafts | vallarıŋyour shafts | vallarıhis shafts | vallarıbızour shafts | vallarığızyou all's shafts | vallarıtheir shafts |
| Genitive | vallanıthe shafts' | vallarımımy shafts' | vallarıŋıyour shafts' | vallarınıhis shafts' | vallarıbıznıour shafts' | vallarığıznıyou all's shafts' | vallarınıtheir shafts' |
| Accusative | vallanıthe shafts (as the object) | vallarımımy shafts (as the object) | vallarıŋıyour shafts (as the object) | vallarınhis shafts (as the object) | vallarıbıznıour shafts (as the object) | vallarığıznıyou all's shafts (as the object) | vallarıntheir shafts (as the object) |
| Dative | vallağato the shafts | vallarımato my shafts | vallarıŋato your shafts | vallarınato his shafts | vallarıbızğato our shafts | vallarığızğato you all's shafts | vallarınato their shafts |
| Locative | valladain / at the shafts | vallarımdain / at my shafts | vallarıŋdain / at your shafts | vallarındain / at his shafts | vallarıbızdain / at our shafts | vallarığızdain / at you all's shafts | vallarındain / at their shafts |
| Ablative | valladanfrom the shafts | vallarımdanfrom my shafts | vallarıŋdanfrom your shafts | vallarındanfrom his shafts | vallarıbızdanfrom our shafts | vallarığızdanfrom you all's shafts | vallarındanfrom their shafts |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: valları can mean "his / her shafts", "their shaft", or "their shafts" — context decides.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.