közüwlerge
/køzywlerɡe/
alternate, take turns at, do by turns — Karachay usage; typically of alternating two activities, such as work and rest (iş bla soluwnu közüwley bilirge "know how to alternate work and rest").
- iş bla soluwnu közüwley bilirge — to know how to alternate work and rest
- iş bla soluwnu közüwlerge kerekdi — work and rest must be alternated
- işni közüwleb etigiz — do the work by turns
- qoyçula keçe saqlawnu közüwleydile — the shepherds take turns at the night watch
- biz keçe saqlawnu közüwledik — we took turns at the night watch
- közüwleb kele tururğa — to keep coming by turns
Conjugation
Common forms
- közüwleydihe is alternating
- közüwledihe alternated
- közüwlegendihe has alternated
- közüwlerhe will alternate
- közüwlerikdihe is going to alternate
- közüwley edihe was alternating
- közüwleseif he alternates
- közüwle!alternate!
Simple tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (simple & continuous) | menközüwleymeI am alternating | senközüwleyseyou are alternating | olközüwleydihe is alternating | bizközüwleybizwe are alternating | sizközüwleysizyou all are alternating | alaközüwleydilethey are alternating |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menközüwlemeymeI am not alternating | senközüwlemeyseyou are not alternating | olközüwlemeydihe is not alternating | bizközüwlemeybizwe are not alternating | sizközüwlemeysizyou all are not alternating | alaközüwlemeydilethey are not alternating |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menközüwleymemi? közüwleymime?am I alternating? | senközüwleymise?are you alternating? | olközüwleymidi?is he alternating? | bizközüwleybizmi? közüwleymibiz?are we alternating? | sizközüwleymisiz?are you all alternating? | alaközüwleymidile?are they alternating? |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menközüwlemeymemi? közüwlemeymime?aren't I alternating? | senközüwlemeymise?aren't you alternating? | olközüwlemeymidi?isn't he alternating? | bizközüwlemeybizmi? közüwlemeymibiz?aren't we alternating? | sizközüwlemeymisiz?aren't you all alternating? | alaközüwlemeymidile?aren't they alternating? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menközüwlewçenmeI usually alternate | senközüwlewçenseyou usually alternate | olközüwlewçendihe usually alternates | bizközüwlewçenbizwe usually alternate | sizközüwlewçensizyou all usually alternate | alaközüwlewçendilethey usually alternate |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menközüwlemewçenmeI usually don't alternate | senközüwlemewçenseyou usually don't alternate | olközüwlemewçendihe usually doesn't alternate | bizközüwlemewçenbizwe usually don't alternate | sizközüwlemewçensizyou all usually don't alternate | alaközüwlemewçendilethey usually don't alternate |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menközüwlewçenmemi? közüwlewçenmime?do I usually alternate? | senközüwlewçenmise?do you usually alternate? | olközüwlewçenmidi?does he usually alternate? | bizközüwlewçenbizmi? közüwlewçenmibiz?do we usually alternate? | sizközüwlewçenmisiz?do you all usually alternate? | alaközüwlewçenmidile?do they usually alternate? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menközüwlemewçenmemi? közüwlemewçenmime?do I usually not alternate? | senközüwlemewçenmise?do you usually not alternate? | olközüwlemewçenmidi?does he usually not alternate? | bizközüwlemewçenbizmi? közüwlemewçenmibiz?do we usually not alternate? | sizközüwlemewçenmisiz?do you all usually not alternate? | alaközüwlemewçenmidile?do they usually not alternate? |
| Resultative (has become and stays) | olközüwlebdihe has alternated and remains so | alaközüwlebdilethey have alternated and remain so | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | olközüwlebmidi?has he alternated? | alaközüwlebmidile?have they alternated? | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Durative (keeps doing) | menközüwleb turamaI keep alternating | senközüwleb turasayou keep alternating | olközüwleb turadıhe keeps alternating | bizközüwleb turabızwe keep alternating | sizközüwleb turasızyou all keep alternating | alaközüwleb turadılathey keep alternating |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menközüwleb turmaymaI don't keep alternating | senközüwleb turmaysayou don't keep alternating | olközüwleb turmaydıhe doesn't keep alternating | bizközüwleb turmaybızwe don't keep alternating | sizközüwleb turmaysızyou all don't keep alternating | alaközüwleb turmaydılathey don't keep alternating |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menközüwleb turamamı? közüwleb turamıma?do I keep alternating? | senközüwleb turamısa?do you keep alternating? | olközüwleb turamıdı?does he keep alternating? | bizközüwleb turabızmı? közüwleb turamıbız?do we keep alternating? | sizközüwleb turamısız?do you all keep alternating? | alaközüwleb turamıdıla?do they keep alternating? |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menközüwleb turmaymamı? közüwleb turmaymıma?don't I keep alternating? | senközüwleb turmaymısa?don't you keep alternating? | olközüwleb turmaymıdı?doesn't he keep alternating? | bizközüwleb turmaybızmı? közüwleb turmaymıbız?don't we keep alternating? | sizközüwleb turmaymısız?don't you all keep alternating? | alaközüwleb turmaymıdıla?don't they keep alternating? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menközüwley turamaI am in the middle of alternating | senközüwley turasayou are in the middle of alternating | olközüwley turadıhe is in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley turabızwe are in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley turasızyou all are in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley turadılathey are in the middle of alternating |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menközüwley turmaymaI am not in the middle of alternating | senközüwley turmaysayou are not in the middle of alternating | olközüwley turmaydıhe is not in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley turmaybızwe are not in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley turmaysızyou all are not in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley turmaydılathey are not in the middle of alternating |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menközüwley turamamı? közüwley turamıma?am I in the middle of alternating? | senközüwley turamısa?are you in the middle of alternating? | olközüwley turamıdı?is he in the middle of alternating? | bizközüwley turabızmı? közüwley turamıbız?are we in the middle of alternating? | sizközüwley turamısız?are you all in the middle of alternating? | alaközüwley turamıdıla?are they in the middle of alternating? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menközüwley turmaymamı? közüwley turmaymıma?aren't I in the middle of alternating? | senközüwley turmaymısa?aren't you in the middle of alternating? | olközüwley turmaymıdı?isn't he in the middle of alternating? | bizközüwley turmaybızmı? közüwley turmaymıbız?aren't we in the middle of alternating? | sizközüwley turmaymısız?aren't you all in the middle of alternating? | alaközüwley turmaymıdıla?aren't they in the middle of alternating? |
| Simple past (definite) | menközüwledimI alternated | senközüwlediŋyou alternated | olközüwledihe alternated | bizközüwledikwe alternated | sizközüwledigizyou all alternated | alaközüwledilethey alternated |
| Simple past (definite) | menközüwlemedimI didn't alternate | senközüwlemediŋyou didn't alternate | olközüwlemedihe didn't alternate | bizközüwlemedikwe didn't alternate | sizközüwlemedigizyou all didn't alternate | alaközüwlemedilethey didn't alternate |
| Simple past (definite) | menközüwledimmi?did I alternate? | senközüwlediŋmi?did you alternate? | olközüwledimi?did he alternate? | bizközüwledikmi?did we alternate? | sizközüwledigizmi?did you all alternate? | alaközüwledilemi?did they alternate? |
| Simple past (definite) | menközüwlemedimmi?didn't I alternate? | senközüwlemediŋmi?didn't you alternate? | olközüwlemedimi?didn't he alternate? | bizközüwlemedikmi?didn't we alternate? | sizközüwlemedigizmi?didn't you all alternate? | alaközüwlemedilemi?didn't they alternate? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menközüwlegenmeI have alternated | senközüwlegenseyou have alternated | olközüwlegendihe has alternated | bizközüwlegenbizwe have alternated | sizközüwlegensizyou all have alternated | alaközüwlegendilethey have alternated |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menközüwlemegenmeI haven't alternated | senközüwlemegenseyou haven't alternated | olközüwlemegendihe hasn't alternated | bizközüwlemegenbizwe haven't alternated | sizközüwlemegensizyou all haven't alternated | alaközüwlemegendilethey haven't alternated |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menközüwlegenmemi? közüwlegenmime?have I alternated? | senközüwlegenmise?have you alternated? | olközüwlegenmidi?has he alternated? | bizközüwlegenbizmi? közüwlegenmibiz?have we alternated? | sizközüwlegenmisiz?have you all alternated? | alaközüwlegenmidile?have they alternated? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menközüwlemegenmemi? közüwlemegenmime?haven't I alternated? | senközüwlemegenmise?haven't you alternated? | olközüwlemegenmidi?hasn't he alternated? | bizközüwlemegenbizmi? közüwlemegenmibiz?haven't we alternated? | sizközüwlemegenmisiz?haven't you all alternated? | alaközüwlemegenmidile?haven't they alternated? |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menközüwleb turdumI kept alternating | senközüwleb turduŋyou kept alternating | olközüwleb turduhe kept alternating | bizközüwleb turduqwe kept alternating | sizközüwleb turduğuzyou all kept alternating | alaközüwleb turdulathey kept alternating |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menközüwleb turmadımI didn't keep alternating | senközüwleb turmadıŋyou didn't keep alternating | olközüwleb turmadıhe didn't keep alternating | bizközüwleb turmadıqwe didn't keep alternating | sizközüwleb turmadığızyou all didn't keep alternating | alaközüwleb turmadılathey didn't keep alternating |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Indefinite future (future I) | menközüwlermeI will alternate | senközüwlerseyou will alternate | olközüwlerhe will alternate | bizközüwlerbizwe will alternate | sizközüwlersizyou all will alternate | alaközüwlerlethey will alternate |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menközüwlemezmeI won't alternate | senközüwlemezseyou won't alternate | olközüwlemezhe won't alternate | bizközüwlemezbizwe won't alternate | sizközüwlemezsizyou all won't alternate | alaközüwlemezlethey won't alternate |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menközüwlermemi? közüwlermime?will I alternate? | senközüwlermise?will you alternate? | olközüwlermi?will he alternate? | bizközüwlerbizmi? közüwlermibiz?will we alternate? | sizközüwlermisiz?will you all alternate? | alaközüwlerlemi? közüwlermile?will they alternate? |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menközüwlemezmemi? közüwlemezmime?won't I alternate? | senközüwlemezmise?won't you alternate? | olközüwlemezmi?won't he alternate? | bizközüwlemezbizmi? közüwlemezmibiz?won't we alternate? | sizközüwlemezmisiz?won't you all alternate? | alaközüwlemezlemi? közüwlemezmile?won't they alternate? |
| Definite future (future II) | menközüwlerikmeI am going to alternate | senközüwlerikseyou are going to alternate | olközüwlerikdihe is going to alternate | bizközüwlerikbizwe are going to alternate | sizközüwleriksizyou all are going to alternate | alaközüwlerikdilethey are going to alternate |
| Definite future (future II) | menközüwlerik tülmeI am not going to alternate | senközüwlerik tülseyou are not going to alternate | olközüwlerik tüldühe is not going to alternate | bizközüwlerik tülbüzwe are not going to alternate | sizközüwlerik tülsüzyou all are not going to alternate | alaközüwlerik tüldülethey are not going to alternate |
| Definite future (future II) | menközüwlerikmemi? közüwlerikmime?am I going to alternate? | senközüwlerikmise?are you going to alternate? | olközüwlerikmidi?is he going to alternate? | bizközüwlerikbizmi? közüwlerikmibiz?are we going to alternate? | sizközüwlerikmisiz?are you all going to alternate? | alaközüwlerikmidile?are they going to alternate? |
| Definite future (future II) | menközüwlerik tülmüme?aren't I going to alternate? | senközüwlerik tülmüse?aren't you going to alternate? | olközüwlerik tülmüdü?isn't he going to alternate? | bizközüwlerik tülmübüz?aren't we going to alternate? | sizközüwlerik tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to alternate? | alaközüwlerik tülmüdüle?aren't they going to alternate? |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Past compound tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menközüwlegen edimközüwlegenemI had alternated | senközüwlegen ediŋközüwlegeneŋyou had alternated | olközüwlegen ediközüwlegenedhe had alternated | bizközüwlegen edikközüwlegenekwe had alternated | sizközüwlegen edigizközüwlegenegizyou all had alternated | alaközüwlegen edileközüwlegenellethey had alternated |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menközüwlemegen edimközüwlemegenemI hadn't alternated | senközüwlemegen ediŋközüwlemegeneŋyou hadn't alternated | olközüwlemegen ediközüwlemegenedhe hadn't alternated | bizközüwlemegen edikközüwlemegenekwe hadn't alternated | sizközüwlemegen edigizközüwlemegenegizyou all hadn't alternated | alaközüwlemegen edileközüwlemegenellethey hadn't alternated |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menközüwley edimközüwleyemI was alternating | senközüwley ediŋközüwleyeŋyou were alternating | olközüwley ediközüwleyedhe was alternating | bizközüwley edikközüwleyekwe were alternating | sizközüwley edigizközüwleyegizyou all were alternating | alaközüwley edileközüwleyellethey were alternating |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menközüwlemey edimközüwlemeyemI wasn't alternating | senközüwlemey ediŋközüwlemeyeŋyou weren't alternating | olközüwlemey ediközüwlemeyedhe wasn't alternating | bizközüwlemey edikközüwlemeyekwe weren't alternating | sizközüwlemey edigizközüwlemeyegizyou all weren't alternating | alaközüwlemey edileközüwlemeyellethey weren't alternating |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | menközüwlewçen edimközüwlewçenemI used to alternate | senközüwlewçen ediŋközüwlewçeneŋyou used to alternate | olközüwlewçen ediközüwlewçenedhe used to alternate | bizközüwlewçen edikközüwlewçenekwe used to alternate | sizközüwlewçen edigizközüwlewçenegizyou all used to alternate | alaközüwlewçen edileközüwlewçenellethey used to alternate |
| Habitual past (used to) | menközüwlemewçen edimközüwlemewçenemI didn't use to alternate | senközüwlemewçen ediŋközüwlemewçeneŋyou didn't use to alternate | olközüwlemewçen ediközüwlemewçenedhe didn't use to alternate | bizközüwlemewçen edikközüwlemewçenekwe didn't use to alternate | sizközüwlemewçen edigizközüwlemewçenegizyou all didn't use to alternate | alaközüwlemewçen edileközüwlemewçenellethey didn't use to alternate |
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | olközüwleb edihe had alternated and remained so | alaközüwleb edilethey had alternated and remained so | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | olközüwleb tül edihe hadn't alternated | alaközüwleb tül edilethey hadn't alternated | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menközüwleb tura edimközüwleb turaemI had kept alternating | senközüwleb tura ediŋközüwleb turaeŋyou had kept alternating | olközüwleb tura ediközüwleb turaedhe had kept alternating | bizközüwleb tura edikközüwleb turaekwe had kept alternating | sizközüwleb tura edigizközüwleb turaegizyou all had kept alternating | alaközüwleb tura edileközüwleb turaellethey had kept alternating |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menközüwleb turmay edimközüwleb turmayemI hadn't kept alternating | senközüwleb turmay ediŋközüwleb turmayeŋyou hadn't kept alternating | olközüwleb turmay ediközüwleb turmayedhe hadn't kept alternating | bizközüwleb turmay edikközüwleb turmayekwe hadn't kept alternating | sizközüwleb turmay edigizközüwleb turmayegizyou all hadn't kept alternating | alaközüwleb turmay edileközüwleb turmayellethey hadn't kept alternating |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menközüwley tura edimközüwley turaemI was in the middle of alternating | senközüwley tura ediŋközüwley turaeŋyou were in the middle of alternating | olközüwley tura ediközüwley turaedhe was in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley tura edikközüwley turaekwe were in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley tura edigizközüwley turaegizyou all were in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley tura edileközüwley turaellethey were in the middle of alternating |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menközüwley turmay edimközüwley turmayemI wasn't in the middle of alternating | senközüwley turmay ediŋközüwley turmayeŋyou weren't in the middle of alternating | olközüwley turmay ediközüwley turmayedhe wasn't in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley turmay edikközüwley turmayekwe weren't in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley turmay edigizközüwley turmayegizyou all weren't in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley turmay edileközüwley turmayellethey weren't in the middle of alternating |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | menközüwler edimközüwler emI would alternate | senközüwler ediŋközüwler eŋyou would alternate | olközüwler ediközüwler edhe would alternate | bizközüwler edikközüwler ekwe would alternate | sizközüwler edigizközüwler egizyou all would alternate | alaközüwler edileközüwler ellethey would alternate |
| Conditional result (would) | menközüwlemez edimközüwlemez emI wouldn't alternate | senközüwlemez ediŋközüwlemez eŋyou wouldn't alternate | olközüwlemez ediközüwlemez edhe wouldn't alternate | bizközüwlemez edikközüwlemez ekwe wouldn't alternate | sizközüwlemez edigizközüwlemez egizyou all wouldn't alternate | alaközüwlemez edileközüwlemez ellethey wouldn't alternate |
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) | menközüwlerik edimközüwlerik emI would have alternated | senközüwlerik ediŋközüwlerik eŋyou would have alternated | olközüwlerik ediközüwlerik edhe would have alternated | bizközüwlerik edikközüwlerik ekwe would have alternated | sizközüwlerik edigizközüwlerik egizyou all would have alternated | alaközüwlerik edileközüwlerik ellethey would have alternated |
| Past conditional result (would have) | menközüwlerik tül edimközüwlerik tül emI wouldn't have alternated | senközüwlerik tül ediŋközüwlerik tül eŋyou wouldn't have alternated | olközüwlerik tül ediközüwlerik tül edhe wouldn't have alternated | bizközüwlerik tül edikközüwlerik tül ekwe wouldn't have alternated | sizközüwlerik tül edigizközüwlerik tül egizyou all wouldn't have alternated | alaközüwlerik tül edileközüwlerik tül ellethey wouldn't have alternated |
| Past conditional result (would have) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) |
Conditional
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional | menközüwlesemif I alternate | senközüwleseŋif you alternate | olközüwleseif he alternates | bizközüwlesekif we alternate | sizközüwlesegizif you all alternate | alaközüwleseleif they alternate |
| Conditional | menközüwlemesemif I don't alternate | senközüwlemeseŋif you don't alternate | olközüwlemeseif he doesn't alternate | bizközüwlemesekif we don't alternate | sizközüwlemesegizif you all don't alternate | alaközüwlemeseleif they don't alternate |
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | menközüwley esemif I am alternating | senközüwley eseŋif you are alternating | olközüwley eseif he is alternating | bizközüwley esekif we are alternating | sizközüwley esegizif you all are alternating | alaközüwley eseleif they are alternating |
| Conditional, present real | menközüwlemey esemif I am not alternating | senközüwlemey eseŋif you are not alternating | olközüwlemey eseif he is not alternating | bizközüwlemey esekif we are not alternating | sizközüwlemey esegizif you all are not alternating | alaközüwlemey eseleif they are not alternating |
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menközüwlesem ediközüwlesem edif only I alternated | senközüwleseŋ ediközüwleseŋ edif only you alternated | olközüwlese ediközüwlesedif only he alternated | bizközüwlesek ediközüwlesek edif only we alternated | sizközüwlesegiz ediközüwlesegiz edif only you all alternated | alaközüwlesele ediközüwleseledif only they alternated |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menközüwlemesem ediközüwlemesem edif only I didn't alternate | senközüwlemeseŋ ediközüwlemeseŋ edif only you didn't alternate | olközüwlemese ediközüwlemesedif only he didn't alternate | bizközüwlemesek ediközüwlemesek edif only we didn't alternate | sizközüwlemesegiz ediközüwlemesegiz edif only you all didn't alternate | alaközüwlemesele ediközüwlemeseledif only they didn't alternate |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Durative conditional | menközüwleb tursamif I carry on alternating | senközüwleb tursaŋif you carry on alternating | olközüwleb tursaif he carries on alternating | bizközüwleb tursaqif we carry on alternating | sizközüwleb tursağızif you all carry on alternating | alaközüwleb tursalaif they carry on alternating |
| Durative conditional | menközüwleb turmasamif I don't carry on alternating | senközüwleb turmasaŋif you don't carry on alternating | olközüwleb turmasaif he doesn't carry on alternating | bizközüwleb turmasaqif we don't carry on alternating | sizközüwleb turmasağızif you all don't carry on alternating | alaközüwleb turmasalaif they don't carry on alternating |
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | menközüwleb tura esemif I have kept alternating | senközüwleb tura eseŋif you have kept alternating | olközüwleb tura eseif he has kept alternating | bizközüwleb tura esekif we have kept alternating | sizközüwleb tura esegizif you all have kept alternating | alaközüwleb tura eseleif they have kept alternating |
| Durative conditional, present real | menközüwleb turmay esemif I haven't kept alternating | senközüwleb turmay eseŋif you haven't kept alternating | olközüwleb turmay eseif he hasn't kept alternating | bizközüwleb turmay esekif we haven't kept alternating | sizközüwleb turmay esegizif you all haven't kept alternating | alaközüwleb turmay eseleif they haven't kept alternating |
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | menközüwley tursamif I keep alternating | senközüwley tursaŋif you keep alternating | olközüwley tursaif he keeps alternating | bizközüwley tursaqif we keep alternating | sizközüwley tursağızif you all keep alternating | alaközüwley tursalaif they keep alternating |
| Progressive conditional | menközüwlemey tursamif I keep on not alternating | senközüwlemey tursaŋif you keep on not alternating | olközüwlemey tursaif he keeps on not alternating | bizközüwlemey tursaqif we keep on not alternating | sizközüwlemey tursağızif you all keep on not alternating | alaközüwlemey tursalaif they keep on not alternating |
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | menközüwley tura esemif I am in the middle of alternating | senközüwley tura eseŋif you are in the middle of alternating | olközüwley tura eseif he is in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley tura esekif we are in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley tura esegizif you all are in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley tura eseleif they are in the middle of alternating |
| Progressive conditional, present real | menközüwlemey tura esemif I keep on not alternating | senközüwlemey tura eseŋif you keep on not alternating | olközüwlemey tura eseif he keeps on not alternating | bizközüwlemey tura esekif we keep on not alternating | sizközüwlemey tura esegizif you all keep on not alternating | alaközüwlemey tura eseleif they keep on not alternating |
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past1 | menközüwledim esemif I alternated | senközüwlediŋ eseŋif you alternated | olközüwledi eseif he alternated | bizközüwledik esekif we alternated | sizközüwledigiz esegizif you all alternated | alaközüwledile eseleif they alternated |
| Conditional, definite past1 | menközüwlemedim esemif I didn't alternate | senközüwlemediŋ eseŋif you didn't alternate | olközüwlemedi eseif he didn't alternate | bizközüwlemedik esekif we didn't alternate | sizközüwlemedigiz esegizif you all didn't alternate | alaközüwlemedile eseleif they didn't alternate |
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | menközüwlegen esemif I did alternate (indeed) | senközüwlegen eseŋif you did alternate (indeed) | olközüwlegen eseif he did alternate (indeed) | bizközüwlegen esekif we did alternate (indeed) | sizközüwlegen esegizif you all did alternate (indeed) | alaközüwlegen eseleif they did alternate (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | menközüwlemegen esemif I didn't alternate (indeed) | senközüwlemegen eseŋif you didn't alternate (indeed) | olközüwlemegen eseif he didn't alternate (indeed) | bizközüwlemegen esekif we didn't alternate (indeed) | sizközüwlemegen esegizif you all didn't alternate (indeed) | alaközüwlemegen eseleif they didn't alternate (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | menközüwlegen bolsamif I had alternated | senközüwlegen bolsaŋif you had alternated | olközüwlegen bolsaif he had alternated | bizközüwlegen bolsaqif we had alternated | sizközüwlegen bolsağızif you all had alternated | alaközüwlegen bolsalaif they had alternated |
| Conditional, counterfactual | menközüwlemegen bolsamif I hadn't alternated | senközüwlemegen bolsaŋif you hadn't alternated | olközüwlemegen bolsaif he hadn't alternated | bizközüwlemegen bolsaqif we hadn't alternated | sizközüwlemegen bolsağızif you all hadn't alternated | alaközüwlemegen bolsalaif they hadn't alternated |
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menközüwlegen bolsam ediközüwlegen bolsam edif only I had alternated | senközüwlegen bolsaŋ ediközüwlegen bolsaŋ edif only you had alternated | olközüwlegen bolsa ediközüwlegen bolsaedif only he had alternated | bizközüwlegen bolsaq ediközüwlegen bolsaq edif only we had alternated | sizközüwlegen bolsağız ediközüwlegen bolsağız edif only you all had alternated | alaközüwlegen bolsala ediközüwlegen bolsalaedif only they had alternated |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menközüwlemegen bolsam ediközüwlemegen bolsam edif only I hadn't alternated | senközüwlemegen bolsaŋ ediközüwlemegen bolsaŋ edif only you hadn't alternated | olközüwlemegen bolsa ediközüwlemegen bolsaedif only he hadn't alternated | bizközüwlemegen bolsaq ediközüwlemegen bolsaq edif only we hadn't alternated | sizközüwlemegen bolsağız ediközüwlemegen bolsağız edif only you all hadn't alternated | alaközüwlemegen bolsala ediközüwlemegen bolsalaedif only they hadn't alternated |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | menközüwler esemif I will alternate | senközüwler eseŋif you will alternate | olközüwler eseif he will alternate | bizközüwler esekif we will alternate | sizközüwler esegizif you all will alternate | alaközüwler eseleif they will alternate |
| Conditional, aorist | menközüwlemez esemif I won't alternate | senközüwlemez eseŋif you won't alternate | olközüwlemez eseif he won't alternate | bizközüwlemez esekif we won't alternate | sizközüwlemez esegizif you all won't alternate | alaközüwlemez eseleif they won't alternate |
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, future | menközüwlerik esemif I am going to alternate | senközüwlerik eseŋif you are going to alternate | olközüwlerik eseif he is going to alternate | bizközüwlerik esekif we are going to alternate | sizközüwlerik esegizif you all are going to alternate | alaközüwlerik eseleif they are going to alternate |
| Conditional, future | menközüwlerik tül esemif I am not going to alternate | senközüwlerik tül eseŋif you are not going to alternate | olközüwlerik tül eseif he is not going to alternate | bizközüwlerik tül esekif we are not going to alternate | sizközüwlerik tül esegizif you all are not going to alternate | alaközüwlerik tül eseleif they are not going to alternate |
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menközüwlerik bolsamif I were going to alternate | senközüwlerik bolsaŋif you were going to alternate | olközüwlerik bolsaif he were going to alternate | bizközüwlerik bolsaqif we were going to alternate | sizközüwlerik bolsağızif you all were going to alternate | alaközüwlerik bolsalaif they were going to alternate |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menközüwlemezlik bolsamif I were not going to alternate | senközüwlemezlik bolsaŋif you were not going to alternate | olközüwlemezlik bolsaif he were not going to alternate | bizközüwlemezlik bolsaqif we were not going to alternate | sizközüwlemezlik bolsağızif you all were not going to alternate | alaközüwlemezlik bolsalaif they were not going to alternate |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Conditional, definite pastalso közüwlediŋ ese: the person on the verb only (Байрамкулов and Урусбиев 1967 § 110)
Inferential
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menközüwley bolurmaI must be alternating | senközüwley bolursayou must be alternating | olközüwley bolurhe must be alternating | bizközüwley bolurbuzwe must be alternating | sizközüwley bolursuzyou all must be alternating | alaközüwley bolurlathey must be alternating |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menközüwlemey bolurmaI must not be alternating | senközüwlemey bolursayou must not be alternating | olközüwlemey bolurhe must not be alternating | bizközüwlemey bolurbuzwe must not be alternating | sizközüwlemey bolursuzyou all must not be alternating | alaközüwlemey bolurlathey must not be alternating |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menközüwley tura bolurmaI must be in the middle of alternating | senközüwley tura bolursayou must be in the middle of alternating | olközüwley tura bolurhe must be in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley tura bolurbuzwe must be in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley tura bolursuzyou all must be in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley tura bolurlathey must be in the middle of alternating |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menközüwlemey tura bolurmaI must keep on not alternating | senközüwlemey tura bolursayou must keep on not alternating | olközüwlemey tura bolurhe must keep on not alternating | bizközüwlemey tura bolurbuzwe must keep on not alternating | sizközüwlemey tura bolursuzyou all must keep on not alternating | alaközüwlemey tura bolurlathey must keep on not alternating |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | menközüwlegen bolurmaI must have alternated | senközüwlegen bolursayou must have alternated | olközüwlegen bolurhe must have alternated | bizközüwlegen bolurbuzwe must have alternated | sizközüwlegen bolursuzyou all must have alternated | alaközüwlegen bolurlathey must have alternated |
| Inference (must have) | menközüwlemegen bolurmaI must not have alternated | senközüwlemegen bolursayou must not have alternated | olközüwlemegen bolurhe must not have alternated | bizközüwlemegen bolurbuzwe must not have alternated | sizközüwlemegen bolursuzyou all must not have alternated | alaközüwlemegen bolurlathey must not have alternated |
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menközüwlerik bolurmaI must be going to alternate | senközüwlerik bolursayou must be going to alternate | olközüwlerik bolurhe must be going to alternate | bizközüwlerik bolurbuzwe must be going to alternate | sizközüwlerik bolursuzyou all must be going to alternate | alaközüwlerik bolurlathey must be going to alternate |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menközüwlemezlik bolurmaI must not be going to alternate | senközüwlemezlik bolursayou must not be going to alternate | olközüwlemezlik bolurhe must not be going to alternate | bizközüwlemezlik bolurbuzwe must not be going to alternate | sizközüwlemezlik bolursuzyou all must not be going to alternate | alaközüwlemezlik bolurlathey must not be going to alternate |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
Commands, requests and wishes
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commands & suggestions | menközüwleyimlet me alternate | senközüwle!alternate! | olközüwlesinlet him alternate | bizközüwleyiklet's alternate | sizközüwlegiz!alternate, you all! | alaközüwlesinlelet them alternate |
| Commands & suggestions | menközüwlemeyimlet me not alternate | senközüwleme!don't alternate! | olközüwlemesinlet him not alternate | bizközüwlemeyiklet's not alternate | sizközüwlemegiz!don't alternate, you all! | alaközüwlemesinlelet them not alternate |
| Commands & suggestions | menközüwleyimmi?shall I alternate? | olközüwlesinmi?should he alternate? | bizközüwleyikmi?shall we alternate? | alaközüwlesinlemi?should they alternate? | ||
| Commands & suggestions | menközüwlemeyimmi?shall I not alternate? | olközüwlemesinmi?should he not alternate? | bizközüwlemeyikmi?shall we not alternate? | alaközüwlemesinlemi?should they not alternate? | ||
| Requests | senközüwleçi2közüwleçinplease alternate | olközüwlesinçido let him alternate | sizközüwleçigizplease alternate (plural/polite) | alaközüwlesinleçido let them alternate | ||
| Requests | senközüwlemeçi2közüwlemeçinplease don't alternate | olközüwlemesinçido let him not alternate | sizközüwlemeçigizplease don't alternate (plural/polite) | alaközüwlemesinleçido let them not alternate | ||
| Requests | ||||||
| Requests | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senközüwleginközüwlegimay you alternate | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senközüwlemeginközüwlemegimay you not alternate | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menközüwlegey edim közüwlege edimwould that I alternated | senközüwlegey ediŋ közüwlege ediŋwould that you alternated | olközüwlegey edi közüwlege ediwould that he alternated | bizközüwlegey edik közüwlege edikwould that we alternated | sizközüwlegey edigiz közüwlege edigizwould that you all alternated | alaközüwlegey edile közüwlege edilewould that they alternated |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menközüwlemegey edim közüwlemege edimwould that I did not alternate | senközüwlemegey ediŋ közüwlemege ediŋwould that you did not alternate | olközüwlemegey edi közüwlemege ediwould that he did not alternate | bizközüwlemegey edik közüwlemege edikwould that we did not alternate | sizközüwlemegey edigiz közüwlemege edigizwould that you all did not alternate | alaközüwlemegey edile közüwlemege edilewould that they did not alternate |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Let someone… (commands) | menközüwlemege qoyayımközüwleme qoyayımlet me allow someone to alternate | senközüwlemege qoy!közüwleme qoy!let someone alternate! | olközüwlemege qoysunközüwleme qoysunlet him allow someone to alternate | bizközüwlemege qoyayıqközüwleme qoyayıqlet's allow someone to alternate | sizközüwlemege qoyuğuz!közüwleme qoyuğuz!let someone alternate, you all! | alaközüwlemege qoysunlaközüwleme qoysunlalet them allow someone to alternate |
| Let someone… (commands) | menközüwlemege qoymayımközüwleme qoymayımlet me not allow someone to alternate | senközüwlemege qoyma!közüwleme qoyma!don't let someone alternate! | olközüwlemege qoymasınközüwleme qoymasınlet him not allow someone to alternate | bizközüwlemege qoymayıqközüwleme qoymayıqlet's not allow someone to alternate | sizközüwlemege qoymağız!közüwleme qoymağız!don't let someone alternate, you all! | alaközüwlemege qoymasınlaközüwleme qoymasınlalet them not allow someone to alternate |
| Let someone… (commands) | menközüwlemege qoyayımmı?közüwleme qoyayımmı?shall I allow someone to alternate? | olközüwlemege qoysunmu?közüwleme qoysunmu?should he allow someone to alternate? | bizközüwlemege qoyayıqmı?közüwleme qoyayıqmı?shall we allow someone to alternate? | alaközüwlemege qoysunlamı?közüwleme qoysunlamı?should they allow someone to alternate? | ||
| Let someone… (commands) | menközüwlemege qoymayımmı?közüwleme qoymayımmı?shall I not allow someone to alternate? | olközüwlemege qoymasınmı?közüwleme qoymasınmı?should he not allow someone to alternate? | bizközüwlemege qoymayıqmı?közüwleme qoymayıqmı?shall we not allow someone to alternate? | alaközüwlemege qoymasınlamı?közüwleme qoymasınlamı?should they not allow someone to alternate? | ||
| Let someone… (present) | menközüwlemege qoyamaközüwleme qoyamaI allow someone to alternate | senközüwlemege qoyasaközüwleme qoyasayou allow someone to alternate | olközüwlemege qoyadıközüwleme qoyadıhe allows someone to alternate | bizközüwlemege qoyabızközüwleme qoyabızwe allow someone to alternate | sizközüwlemege qoyasızközüwleme qoyasızyou all allow someone to alternate | alaközüwlemege qoyadılaközüwleme qoyadılathey allow someone to alternate |
| Let someone… (present) | menközüwlemege qoymaymaközüwleme qoymaymaI don't allow someone to alternate | senközüwlemege qoymaysaközüwleme qoymaysayou don't allow someone to alternate | olközüwlemege qoymaydıközüwleme qoymaydıhe doesn't allow someone to alternate | bizközüwlemege qoymaybızközüwleme qoymaybızwe don't allow someone to alternate | sizközüwlemege qoymaysızközüwleme qoymaysızyou all don't allow someone to alternate | alaközüwlemege qoymaydılaközüwleme qoymaydılathey don't allow someone to alternate |
| Let someone… (present) | menközüwlemege qoyamamı?közüwleme qoyamamı?do I allow someone to alternate? | senközüwlemege qoyamısa?közüwleme qoyamısa?do you allow someone to alternate? | olközüwlemege qoyamıdı?közüwleme qoyamıdı?does he allow someone to alternate? | bizközüwlemege qoyabızmı?közüwleme qoyabızmı?do we allow someone to alternate? | sizközüwlemege qoyamısız?közüwleme qoyamısız?do you all allow someone to alternate? | alaközüwlemege qoyamıdıla?közüwleme qoyamıdıla?do they allow someone to alternate? |
| Let someone… (present) | menközüwlemege qoymaymamı?közüwleme qoymaymamı?don't I allow someone to alternate? | senközüwlemege qoymaymısa?közüwleme qoymaymısa?don't you allow someone to alternate? | olközüwlemege qoymaymıdı?közüwleme qoymaymıdı?doesn't he allow someone to alternate? | bizközüwlemege qoymaybızmı?közüwleme qoymaybızmı?don't we allow someone to alternate? | sizközüwlemege qoymaymısız?közüwleme qoymaymısız?don't you all allow someone to alternate? | alaközüwlemege qoymaymıdıla?közüwleme qoymaymıdıla?don't they allow someone to alternate? |
| Let someone… (past) | menközüwlemege qoydumközüwleme qoydumI allowed someone to alternate | senközüwlemege qoyduŋközüwleme qoyduŋyou allowed someone to alternate | olközüwlemege qoyduközüwleme qoyduhe allowed someone to alternate | bizközüwlemege qoyduqközüwleme qoyduqwe allowed someone to alternate | sizközüwlemege qoyduğuzközüwleme qoyduğuzyou all allowed someone to alternate | alaközüwlemege qoydulaközüwleme qoydulathey allowed someone to alternate |
| Let someone… (past) | menközüwlemege qoymadımközüwleme qoymadımI didn't allow someone to alternate | senközüwlemege qoymadıŋközüwleme qoymadıŋyou didn't allow someone to alternate | olközüwlemege qoymadıközüwleme qoymadıhe didn't allow someone to alternate | bizközüwlemege qoymadıqközüwleme qoymadıqwe didn't allow someone to alternate | sizközüwlemege qoymadığızközüwleme qoymadığızyou all didn't allow someone to alternate | alaközüwlemege qoymadılaközüwleme qoymadılathey didn't allow someone to alternate |
| Let someone… (past) | menközüwlemege qoydummu?közüwleme qoydummu?did I allow someone to alternate? | senközüwlemege qoyduŋmu?közüwleme qoyduŋmu?did you allow someone to alternate? | olközüwlemege qoydumu?közüwleme qoydumu?did he allow someone to alternate? | bizközüwlemege qoyduqmu?közüwleme qoyduqmu?did we allow someone to alternate? | sizközüwlemege qoyduğuzmu?közüwleme qoyduğuzmu?did you all allow someone to alternate? | alaközüwlemege qoydulamı?közüwleme qoydulamı?did they allow someone to alternate? |
| Let someone… (past) | menközüwlemege qoymadımmı?közüwleme qoymadımmı?didn't I allow someone to alternate? | senközüwlemege qoymadıŋmı?közüwleme qoymadıŋmı?didn't you allow someone to alternate? | olközüwlemege qoymadımı?közüwleme qoymadımı?didn't he allow someone to alternate? | bizközüwlemege qoymadıqmı?közüwleme qoymadıqmı?didn't we allow someone to alternate? | sizközüwlemege qoymadığızmı?közüwleme qoymadığızmı?didn't you all allow someone to alternate? | alaközüwlemege qoymadılamı?közüwleme qoymadılamı?didn't they allow someone to alternate? |
- RequestsSpoken variant: singular requests can add a final nasal consonant, with the same request meaning.
Ability
közüwleyalırğa be able to alternate · közüwleyalmazğa be unable to alternate
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ability — present | menközüwleyalamaI can alternate | senközüwleyalasayou can alternate | olközüwleyaladıhe can alternate | bizközüwleyalabızwe can alternate | sizközüwleyalasızyou all can alternate | alaközüwleyaladılathey can alternate |
| Ability — present | menközüwleyalmaymaI can't alternate | senközüwleyalmaysayou can't alternate | olközüwleyalmaydıhe can't alternate | bizközüwleyalmaybızwe can't alternate | sizközüwleyalmaysızyou all can't alternate | alaközüwleyalmaydılathey can't alternate |
| Ability — present | menközüwleyalamamı? közüwleyalamıma?can I alternate? | senközüwleyalamısa?can you alternate? | olközüwleyalamıdı?can he alternate? | bizközüwleyalabızmı? közüwleyalamıbız?can we alternate? | sizközüwleyalamısız?can you all alternate? | alaközüwleyalamıdıla?can they alternate? |
| Ability — present | menközüwleyalmaymamı? közüwleyalmaymıma?can't I alternate? | senközüwleyalmaymısa?can't you alternate? | olközüwleyalmaymıdı?can't he alternate? | bizközüwleyalmaybızmı? közüwleyalmaymıbız?can't we alternate? | sizközüwleyalmaymısız?can't you all alternate? | alaközüwleyalmaymıdıla?can't they alternate? |
| Ability — if I can… | menközüwleyalsamif I can alternate | senközüwleyalsaŋif you can alternate | olközüwleyalsaif he can alternate | bizközüwleyalsaqif we can alternate | sizközüwleyalsağızif you all can alternate | alaközüwleyalsalaif they can alternate |
| Ability — if I can… | menközüwleyalmasamif I can't alternate | senközüwleyalmasaŋif you can't alternate | olközüwleyalmasaif he can't alternate | bizközüwleyalmasaqif we can't alternate | sizközüwleyalmasağızif you all can't alternate | alaközüwleyalmasalaif they can't alternate |
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — simple past | menközüwleyaldımI was able to alternate | senközüwleyaldıŋyou were able to alternate | olközüwleyaldıhe was able to alternate | bizközüwleyaldıqwe were able to alternate | sizközüwleyaldığızyou all were able to alternate | alaközüwleyaldılathey were able to alternate |
| Ability — simple past | menközüwleyalmadımI could not alternate | senközüwleyalmadıŋyou could not alternate | olközüwleyalmadıhe could not alternate | bizközüwleyalmadıqwe could not alternate | sizközüwleyalmadığızyou all could not alternate | alaközüwleyalmadılathey could not alternate |
| Ability — simple past | menközüwleyaldımmı?was I able to alternate? | senközüwleyaldıŋmı?were you able to alternate? | olközüwleyaldımı?was he able to alternate? | bizközüwleyaldıqmı?were we able to alternate? | sizközüwleyaldığızmı?were you all able to alternate? | alaközüwleyaldılamı?were they able to alternate? |
| Ability — simple past | menközüwleyalmadımmı?couldn't I alternate? | senközüwleyalmadıŋmı?couldn't you alternate? | olközüwleyalmadımı?couldn't he alternate? | bizközüwleyalmadıqmı?couldn't we alternate? | sizközüwleyalmadığızmı?couldn't you all alternate? | alaközüwleyalmadılamı?couldn't they alternate? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menközüwleyalğanmaI have been able to alternate | senközüwleyalğansayou have been able to alternate | olközüwleyalğandıhe has been able to alternate | bizközüwleyalğanbızwe have been able to alternate | sizközüwleyalğansızyou all have been able to alternate | alaközüwleyalğandılathey have been able to alternate |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menközüwleyalmağanmaI haven't been able to alternate | senközüwleyalmağansayou haven't been able to alternate | olközüwleyalmağandıhe hasn't been able to alternate | bizközüwleyalmağanbızwe haven't been able to alternate | sizközüwleyalmağansızyou all haven't been able to alternate | alaközüwleyalmağandılathey haven't been able to alternate |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menközüwleyalğanmamı? közüwleyalğanmıma?have I been able to alternate? | senközüwleyalğanmısa?have you been able to alternate? | olközüwleyalğanmıdı?has he been able to alternate? | bizközüwleyalğanbızmı? közüwleyalğanmıbız?have we been able to alternate? | sizközüwleyalğanmısız?have you all been able to alternate? | alaközüwleyalğanmıdıla?have they been able to alternate? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menközüwleyalmağanmamı? közüwleyalmağanmıma?haven't I been able to alternate? | senközüwleyalmağanmısa?haven't you been able to alternate? | olközüwleyalmağanmıdı?hasn't he been able to alternate? | bizközüwleyalmağanbızmı? közüwleyalmağanmıbız?haven't we been able to alternate? | sizközüwleyalmağanmısız?haven't you all been able to alternate? | alaközüwleyalmağanmıdıla?haven't they been able to alternate? |
| Ability — past perfect | menközüwleyalğan edimközüwleyalğanemI had been able to alternate | senközüwleyalğan ediŋközüwleyalğaneŋyou had been able to alternate | olközüwleyalğan ediközüwleyalğanedhe had been able to alternate | bizközüwleyalğan edikközüwleyalğanekwe had been able to alternate | sizközüwleyalğan edigizközüwleyalğanegizyou all had been able to alternate | alaközüwleyalğan edileközüwleyalğanellethey had been able to alternate |
| Ability — past perfect | menközüwleyalmağan edimközüwleyalmağanemI hadn't been able to alternate | senközüwleyalmağan ediŋközüwleyalmağaneŋyou hadn't been able to alternate | olközüwleyalmağan ediközüwleyalmağanedhe hadn't been able to alternate | bizközüwleyalmağan edikközüwleyalmağanekwe hadn't been able to alternate | sizközüwleyalmağan edigizközüwleyalmağanegizyou all hadn't been able to alternate | alaközüwleyalmağan edileközüwleyalmağanellethey hadn't been able to alternate |
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past background | menközüwleyala edimközüwleyalaemI could alternate | senközüwleyala ediŋközüwleyalaeŋyou could alternate | olközüwleyala ediközüwleyalaedhe could alternate | bizközüwleyala edikközüwleyalaekwe could alternate | sizközüwleyala edigizközüwleyalaegizyou all could alternate | alaközüwleyala edileközüwleyalaellethey could alternate |
| Ability — past background | menközüwleyalmay edimközüwleyalmayemI could not alternate | senközüwleyalmay ediŋközüwleyalmayeŋyou could not alternate | olközüwleyalmay ediközüwleyalmayedhe could not alternate | bizközüwleyalmay edikközüwleyalmayekwe could not alternate | sizközüwleyalmay edigizközüwleyalmayegizyou all could not alternate | alaközüwleyalmay edileközüwleyalmayellethey could not alternate |
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — future I | menközüwleyalırmaI will be able to alternate | senközüwleyalırsayou will be able to alternate | olközüwleyalırhe will be able to alternate | bizközüwleyalırbızwe will be able to alternate | sizközüwleyalırsızyou all will be able to alternate | alaközüwleyalırlathey will be able to alternate |
| Ability — future I | menközüwleyalmazmaI won't be able to alternate | senközüwleyalmazsayou won't be able to alternate | olközüwleyalmazhe won't be able to alternate | bizközüwleyalmazbızwe won't be able to alternate | sizközüwleyalmazsızyou all won't be able to alternate | alaközüwleyalmazlathey won't be able to alternate |
| Ability — future I | menközüwleyalırmamı? közüwleyalırmıma?will I be able to alternate? | senközüwleyalırmısa?will you be able to alternate? | olközüwleyalırmı?will he be able to alternate? | bizközüwleyalırbızmı? közüwleyalırmıbız?will we be able to alternate? | sizközüwleyalırmısız?will you all be able to alternate? | alaközüwleyalırlamı? közüwleyalırmıla?will they be able to alternate? |
| Ability — future I | menközüwleyalmazmamı? közüwleyalmazmıma?won't I be able to alternate? | senközüwleyalmazmısa?won't you be able to alternate? | olközüwleyalmazmı?won't he be able to alternate? | bizközüwleyalmazbızmı? közüwleyalmazmıbız?won't we be able to alternate? | sizközüwleyalmazmısız?won't you all be able to alternate? | alaközüwleyalmazlamı? közüwleyalmazmıla?won't they be able to alternate? |
| Ability — future II | menközüwleyallıqmaI am going to be able to alternate | senközüwleyallıqsayou are going to be able to alternate | olközüwleyallıqdıhe is going to be able to alternate | bizközüwleyallıqbızwe are going to be able to alternate | sizközüwleyallıqsızyou all are going to be able to alternate | alaközüwleyallıqdılathey are going to be able to alternate |
| Ability — future II | menközüwleyallıq tülmeI am not going to be able to alternate | senközüwleyallıq tülseyou are not going to be able to alternate | olközüwleyallıq tüldühe is not going to be able to alternate | bizközüwleyallıq tülbüzwe are not going to be able to alternate | sizközüwleyallıq tülsüzyou all are not going to be able to alternate | alaközüwleyallıq tüldülethey are not going to be able to alternate |
| Ability — future II | menközüwleyallıqmamı? közüwleyallıqmıma?am I going to be able to alternate? | senközüwleyallıqmısa?are you going to be able to alternate? | olközüwleyallıqmıdı?is he going to be able to alternate? | bizközüwleyallıqbızmı? közüwleyallıqmıbız?are we going to be able to alternate? | sizközüwleyallıqmısız?are you all going to be able to alternate? | alaközüwleyallıqmıdıla?are they going to be able to alternate? |
| Ability — future II | menközüwleyallıq tülmüme?aren't I going to be able to alternate? | senközüwleyallıq tülmüse?aren't you going to be able to alternate? | olközüwleyallıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to be able to alternate? | bizközüwleyallıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to be able to alternate? | sizközüwleyallıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to be able to alternate? | alaközüwleyallıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to be able to alternate? |
| Ability — would be able to… | menközüwleyalır edimközüwleyalır emI would be able to alternate | senközüwleyalır ediŋközüwleyalır eŋyou would be able to alternate | olközüwleyalır ediközüwleyalır edhe would be able to alternate | bizközüwleyalır edikközüwleyalır ekwe would be able to alternate | sizközüwleyalır edigizközüwleyalır egizyou all would be able to alternate | alaközüwleyalır edileközüwleyalır ellethey would be able to alternate |
| Ability — would be able to… | menközüwleyalmaz edimközüwleyalmaz emI wouldn't be able to alternate | senközüwleyalmaz ediŋközüwleyalmaz eŋyou wouldn't be able to alternate | olközüwleyalmaz ediközüwleyalmaz edhe wouldn't be able to alternate | bizközüwleyalmaz edikközüwleyalmaz ekwe wouldn't be able to alternate | sizközüwleyalmaz edigizközüwleyalmaz egizyou all wouldn't be able to alternate | alaközüwleyalmaz edileközüwleyalmaz ellethey wouldn't be able to alternate |
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senközüwleyalğınközüwleyalğımay you be able to alternate | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senközüwleyalmağınközüwleyalmağımay you not be able to alternate | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability |
With another word
| Frame | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wanting and intending | ||||||
| want to | menközüwlerge izleymeI want to alternate | senközüwlerge izleyseyou want to alternate | olközüwlerge izleydihe wants to alternate | bizközüwlerge izleybizwe want to alternate | sizközüwlerge izleysizyou all want to alternate | alaközüwlerge izleydilethey want to alternate |
| want to | menközüwlerge izlemeymeI do not want to alternate | senközüwlerge izlemeyseyou do not want to alternate | olközüwlerge izlemeydihe does not want to alternate | bizközüwlerge izlemeybizwe do not want to alternate | sizközüwlerge izlemeysizyou all do not want to alternate | alaközüwlerge izlemeydilethey do not want to alternate |
| would like to | menközüwlerge süemeI would like to alternate | senközüwlerge süeseyou would like to alternate | olközüwlerge süedihe would like to alternate | bizközüwlerge süebizwe would like to alternate | sizközüwlerge süesizyou all would like to alternate | alaközüwlerge süedilethey would like to alternate |
| would like to | menközüwlerge süymeymeI would not like to alternate | senközüwlerge süymeyseyou would not like to alternate | olközüwlerge süymeydihe would not like to alternate | bizközüwlerge süymeybizwe would not like to alternate | sizközüwlerge süymeysizyou all would not like to alternate | alaközüwlerge süymeydilethey would not like to alternate |
| hope to | menközüwlerge umutlanamaI hope to alternate | senközüwlerge umutlanasayou hope to alternate | olközüwlerge umutlanadıhe hopes to alternate | bizközüwlerge umutlanabızwe hope to alternate | sizközüwlerge umutlanasızyou all hope to alternate | alaközüwlerge umutlanadılathey hope to alternate |
| hope to | menközüwlerge umutlanmaymaI do not hope to alternate | senközüwlerge umutlanmaysayou do not hope to alternate | olközüwlerge umutlanmaydıhe does not hope to alternate | bizközüwlerge umutlanmaybızwe do not hope to alternate | sizközüwlerge umutlanmaysızyou all do not hope to alternate | alaközüwlerge umutlanmaydılathey do not hope to alternate |
| be about to | menközüwlerge deb turamaI am about to alternate | senközüwlerge deb turasayou are about to alternate | olközüwlerge deb turadıhe is about to alternate | bizközüwlerge deb turabızwe are about to alternate | sizközüwlerge deb turasızyou all are about to alternate | alaközüwlerge deb turadılathey are about to alternate |
| be about to | menközüwlerge deb turmaymaI am not about to alternate | senközüwlerge deb turmaysayou are not about to alternate | olközüwlerge deb turmaydıhe is not about to alternate | bizközüwlerge deb turmaybızwe are not about to alternate | sizközüwlerge deb turmaysızyou all are not about to alternate | alaközüwlerge deb turmaydılathey are not about to alternate |
| Need and obligation | ||||||
| need to | menközüwlerge kerekmeI need to alternate | senközüwlerge kerekseyou need to alternate | olközüwlerge kerekdihe needs to alternate | bizközüwlerge kerekbizwe need to alternate | sizközüwlerge kereksizyou all need to alternate | alaközüwlerge kerekdilethey need to alternate |
| need to | menközüwlerge kerek tülmeI do not need to alternate | senközüwlerge kerek tülseyou do not need to alternate | olközüwlerge kerek tüldühe does not need to alternate | bizközüwlerge kerek tülbüzwe do not need to alternate | sizközüwlerge kerek tülsüzyou all do not need to alternate | alaközüwlerge kerek tüldülethey do not need to alternate |
| have to | menmenŋe közüwlerge tüşediI have to alternate | sensenŋe közüwlerge tüşediyou have to alternate | olaŋa közüwlerge tüşedihe has to alternate | bizbizge közüwlerge tüşediwe have to alternate | sizsizge közüwlerge tüşediyou all have to alternate | alaalağa közüwlerge tüşedithey have to alternate |
| have to | menmenŋe közüwlerge tüşmeydiI do not have to alternate | sensenŋe közüwlerge tüşmeydiyou do not have to alternate | olaŋa közüwlerge tüşmeydihe does not have to alternate | bizbizge közüwlerge tüşmeydiwe do not have to alternate | sizsizge közüwlerge tüşmeydiyou all do not have to alternate | alaalağa közüwlerge tüşmeydithey do not have to alternate |
| be obliged to | menközüwlerge borçlumaI am obliged to alternate | senközüwlerge borçlusayou are obliged to alternate | olközüwlerge borçluduhe is obliged to alternate | bizközüwlerge borçlubuzwe are obliged to alternate | sizközüwlerge borçlusuzyou all are obliged to alternate | alaközüwlerge borçludulathey are obliged to alternate |
| be obliged to | menközüwlerge borçlu tülmeI am not obliged to alternate | senközüwlerge borçlu tülseyou are not obliged to alternate | olközüwlerge borçlu tüldühe is not obliged to alternate | bizközüwlerge borçlu tülbüzwe are not obliged to alternate | sizközüwlerge borçlu tülsüzyou all are not obliged to alternate | alaközüwlerge borçlu tüldülethey are not obliged to alternate |
| Possibility and permission | ||||||
| have a way to | menközüwlerge madarım bardıI have a way to alternate | senközüwlerge madarıŋ bardıyou have a way to alternate | olközüwlerge madarı bardıhe has a way to alternate | bizközüwlerge madarıbız bardıwe have a way to alternate | sizközüwlerge madarığız bardıyou all have a way to alternate | alaközüwlerge madarları bardıthey have a way to alternate |
| have a way to | menközüwlerge madarım joqduI have no way to alternate | senközüwlerge madarıŋ joqduyou have no way to alternate | olközüwlerge madarı joqduhe has no way to alternate | bizközüwlerge madarıbız joqduwe have no way to alternate | sizközüwlerge madarığız joqduyou all have no way to alternate | alaközüwlerge madarları joqduthey have no way to alternate |
| be free to | menközüwlerge erkinligim bardıI am free to alternate | senközüwlerge erkinligiŋ bardıyou are free to alternate | olközüwlerge erkinligi bardıhe is free to alternate | bizközüwlerge erkinligibiz bardıwe are free to alternate | sizközüwlerge erkinligigiz bardıyou all are free to alternate | alaközüwlerge erkinlikleri bardıthey are free to alternate |
| be free to | menközüwlerge erkinligim joqduI am not free to alternate | senközüwlerge erkinligiŋ joqduyou are not free to alternate | olközüwlerge erkinligi joqduhe is not free to alternate | bizközüwlerge erkinligibiz joqduwe are not free to alternate | sizközüwlerge erkinligigiz joqduyou all are not free to alternate | alaközüwlerge erkinlikleri joqduthey are not free to alternate |
| be possible to | menmenŋe közüwlerge bolluqduit is possible for me to alternate | sensenŋe közüwlerge bolluqduit is possible for you to alternate | olaŋa közüwlerge bolluqduit is possible for him to alternate | bizbizge közüwlerge bolluqduit is possible for us to alternate | sizsizge közüwlerge bolluqduit is possible for you all to alternate | alaalağa közüwlerge bolluqduit is possible for them to alternate |
| be possible to | menmenŋe közüwlerge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for me to alternate | sensenŋe közüwlerge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you to alternate | olaŋa közüwlerge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for him to alternate | bizbizge közüwlerge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for us to alternate | sizsizge közüwlerge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you all to alternate | alaalağa közüwlerge bolluq tüldüit is not possible for them to alternate |
| be ready to | menközüwlerge hazırmaI am ready to alternate | senközüwlerge hazırsayou are ready to alternate | olközüwlerge hazırdıhe is ready to alternate | bizközüwlerge hazırbızwe are ready to alternate | sizközüwlerge hazırsızyou all are ready to alternate | alaközüwlerge hazırdılathey are ready to alternate |
| be ready to | menközüwlerge hazır tülmeI am not ready to alternate | senközüwlerge hazır tülseyou are not ready to alternate | olközüwlerge hazır tüldühe is not ready to alternate | bizközüwlerge hazır tülbüzwe are not ready to alternate | sizközüwlerge hazır tülsüzyou all are not ready to alternate | alaközüwlerge hazır tüldülethey are not ready to alternate |
| Trying, agreeing, hurrying, fearing | ||||||
| try to | menközüwlerge küreşemeI am trying to alternate | senközüwlerge küreşeseyou are trying to alternate | olközüwlerge küreşedihe is trying to alternate | bizközüwlerge küreşebizwe are trying to alternate | sizközüwlerge küreşesizyou all are trying to alternate | alaközüwlerge küreşedilethey are trying to alternate |
| try to | menközüwlerge küreşmeymeI am not trying to alternate | senközüwlerge küreşmeyseyou are not trying to alternate | olközüwlerge küreşmeydihe is not trying to alternate | bizközüwlerge küreşmeybizwe are not trying to alternate | sizközüwlerge küreşmeysizyou all are not trying to alternate | alaközüwlerge küreşmeydilethey are not trying to alternate |
| agree to | menközüwlerge unaymaI agree to alternate | senközüwlerge unaysayou agree to alternate | olközüwlerge unaydıhe agrees to alternate | bizközüwlerge unaybızwe agree to alternate | sizközüwlerge unaysızyou all agree to alternate | alaközüwlerge unaydılathey agree to alternate |
| agree to | menközüwlerge unamaymaI refuse to alternate | senközüwlerge unamaysayou refuse to alternate | olközüwlerge unamaydıhe refuses to alternate | bizközüwlerge unamaybızwe refuse to alternate | sizközüwlerge unamaysızyou all refuse to alternate | alaközüwlerge unamaydılathey refuse to alternate |
| hurry to | menközüwlerge aşığamaI am in a hurry to alternate | senközüwlerge aşığasayou are in a hurry to alternate | olközüwlerge aşığadıhe is in a hurry to alternate | bizközüwlerge aşığabızwe are in a hurry to alternate | sizközüwlerge aşığasızyou all are in a hurry to alternate | alaközüwlerge aşığadılathey are in a hurry to alternate |
| hurry to | menközüwlerge aşıqmaymaI am in no hurry to alternate | senközüwlerge aşıqmaysayou are in no hurry to alternate | olközüwlerge aşıqmaydıhe is in no hurry to alternate | bizközüwlerge aşıqmaybızwe are in no hurry to alternate | sizközüwlerge aşıqmaysızyou all are in no hurry to alternate | alaközüwlerge aşıqmaydılathey are in no hurry to alternate |
| be afraid to | menközüwlerge qorqamaI am afraid to alternate | senközüwlerge qorqasayou are afraid to alternate | olközüwlerge qorqadıhe is afraid to alternate | bizközüwlerge qorqabızwe are afraid to alternate | sizközüwlerge qorqasızyou all are afraid to alternate | alaközüwlerge qorqadılathey are afraid to alternate |
| be afraid to | menközüwlerge qorqmaymaI am not afraid to alternate | senközüwlerge qorqmaysayou are not afraid to alternate | olközüwlerge qorqmaydıhe is not afraid to alternate | bizközüwlerge qorqmaybızwe are not afraid to alternate | sizközüwlerge qorqmaysızyou all are not afraid to alternate | alaközüwlerge qorqmaydılathey are not afraid to alternate |
Emphatic and rare forms
| Form | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present — auxiliary negated | menközüwley bolmazmaI can't be alternating | senközüwley bolmazsayou can't be alternating | olközüwley bolmazhe can't be alternating | bizközüwley bolmazbızwe can't be alternating | sizközüwley bolmazsızyou all can't be alternating | alaközüwley bolmazlathey can't be alternating |
| Inference, present — double negation | menközüwlemey bolmazmaI must be alternating (emphatic) | senközüwlemey bolmazsayou must be alternating (emphatic) | olközüwlemey bolmazhe must be alternating (emphatic) | bizközüwlemey bolmazbızwe must be alternating (emphatic) | sizközüwlemey bolmazsızyou all must be alternating (emphatic) | alaközüwlemey bolmazlathey must be alternating (emphatic) |
| Progressive conditional — auxiliary negated | menközüwley turmasamif I don't keep alternating | senközüwley turmasaŋif you don't keep alternating | olközüwley turmasaif he doesn't keep alternating | bizközüwley turmasaqif we don't keep alternating | sizközüwley turmasağızif you all don't keep alternating | alaközüwley turmasalaif they don't keep alternating |
| Inference, progressive — auxiliary negated | menközüwley tura bolmazmaI can't be in the middle of alternating | senközüwley tura bolmazsayou can't be in the middle of alternating | olközüwley tura bolmazhe can't be in the middle of alternating | bizközüwley tura bolmazbızwe can't be in the middle of alternating | sizközüwley tura bolmazsızyou all can't be in the middle of alternating | alaközüwley tura bolmazlathey can't be in the middle of alternating |
| Inference, progressive — double negation | menközüwlemey tura bolmazmaI must keep on not alternating (emphatic) | senközüwlemey tura bolmazsayou must keep on not alternating (emphatic) | olközüwlemey tura bolmazhe must keep on not alternating (emphatic) | bizközüwlemey tura bolmazbızwe must keep on not alternating (emphatic) | sizközüwlemey tura bolmazsızyou all must keep on not alternating (emphatic) | alaközüwlemey tura bolmazlathey must keep on not alternating (emphatic) |
| Progressive — verb negated | menközüwlemey turamaI keep on not alternating | senközüwlemey turasayou keep on not alternating | olközüwlemey turadıhe keeps on not alternating | bizközüwlemey turabızwe keep on not alternating | sizközüwlemey turasızyou all keep on not alternating | alaközüwlemey turadılathey keep on not alternating |
| Progressive — double negation | menközüwlemey turmaymaI am not keeping on not alternating | senközüwlemey turmaysayou are not keeping on not alternating | olközüwlemey turmaydıhe is not keeping on not alternating | bizközüwlemey turmaybızwe are not keeping on not alternating | sizközüwlemey turmaysızyou all are not keeping on not alternating | alaközüwlemey turmaydılathey are not keeping on not alternating |
| Progressive — double negation | menközüwlemey turmaymımaaren't I keeping on not alternating? | senközüwlemey turmaymısaaren't you keeping on not alternating? | olközüwlemey turmaymıdıisn't he keeping on not alternating? | bizközüwlemey turmaymıbızaren't we keeping on not alternating? | sizközüwlemey turmaymısızaren't you all keeping on not alternating? | alaközüwlemey turmaymıdılaaren't they keeping on not alternating? |
| Inference — auxiliary negated | menközüwlegen bolmazmaI can't have alternated | senközüwlegen bolmazsayou can't have alternated | olközüwlegen bolmazhe can't have alternated | bizközüwlegen bolmazbızwe can't have alternated | sizközüwlegen bolmazsızyou all can't have alternated | alaközüwlegen bolmazlathey can't have alternated |
| Inference — double negation | menközüwlemegen bolmazmaI must have alternated (emphatic) | senközüwlemegen bolmazsayou must have alternated (emphatic) | olközüwlemegen bolmazhe must have alternated (emphatic) | bizközüwlemegen bolmazbızwe must have alternated (emphatic) | sizközüwlemegen bolmazsızyou all must have alternated (emphatic) | alaközüwlemegen bolmazlathey must have alternated (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual — auxiliary negated | menközüwlegen bolmasamif it weren't that I had alternated | senközüwlegen bolmasaŋif it weren't that you had alternated | olközüwlegen bolmasaif it weren't that he had alternated | bizközüwlegen bolmasaqif it weren't that we had alternated | sizközüwlegen bolmasağızif it weren't that you all had alternated | alaközüwlegen bolmasalaif it weren't that they had alternated |
| Counterfactual — double negation | menközüwlemegen bolmasamif it weren't that I hadn't alternated | senközüwlemegen bolmasaŋif it weren't that you hadn't alternated | olközüwlemegen bolmasaif it weren't that he hadn't alternated | bizközüwlemegen bolmasaqif it weren't that we hadn't alternated | sizközüwlemegen bolmasağızif it weren't that you all hadn't alternated | alaközüwlemegen bolmasalaif it weren't that they hadn't alternated |
| Inference, future — auxiliary negated | menközüwlerik bolmazmaI can't be going to alternate | senközüwlerik bolmazsayou can't be going to alternate | olközüwlerik bolmazhe can't be going to alternate | bizközüwlerik bolmazbızwe can't be going to alternate | sizközüwlerik bolmazsızyou all can't be going to alternate | alaközüwlerik bolmazlathey can't be going to alternate |
| Inference, future — double negation | menközüwlemezlik bolmazmaI must be going to alternate (emphatic) | senközüwlemezlik bolmazsayou must be going to alternate (emphatic) | olközüwlemezlik bolmazhe must be going to alternate (emphatic) | bizközüwlemezlik bolmazbızwe must be going to alternate (emphatic) | sizközüwlemezlik bolmazsızyou all must be going to alternate (emphatic) | alaközüwlemezlik bolmazlathey must be going to alternate (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual future — auxiliary negated | menközüwlerik bolmasamif it weren't that I were going to alternate | senközüwlerik bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were going to alternate | olközüwlerik bolmasaif it weren't that he were going to alternate | bizközüwlerik bolmasaqif it weren't that we were going to alternate | sizközüwlerik bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were going to alternate | alaközüwlerik bolmasalaif it weren't that they were going to alternate |
| Counterfactual future — double negation | menközüwlemezlik bolmasamif it weren't that I were not going to alternate | senközüwlemezlik bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were not going to alternate | olközüwlemezlik bolmasaif it weren't that he were not going to alternate | bizközüwlemezlik bolmasaqif it weren't that we were not going to alternate | sizközüwlemezlik bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were not going to alternate | alaközüwlemezlik bolmasalaif it weren't that they were not going to alternate |