katorga
/katorɡa/
1. penal servitude, hard labor imposed as a punishment — Historically a punishment in tsarist Russia and some other countries. Before another noun it means of penal servitude: katorga işle "hard labor", katorga jaşaw "a life of hardship".
- katorga işle — hard labor
- katorgağa ierge — to send someone to penal servitude
- katorga jaşaw — a life of unrelieved toil
- türme em katorga körgenleni — those who have seen prison and penal servitude
2. penal colony, a place where convicts serve hard labor
- katorgadan kelgenden sora — after coming back from the penal colony
- anı katorgağa aşırdıla — they sent him to the penal colony
Cases and owners
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | katorgathe penal servitude | katorgammy penal servitude | katorgaŋyour penal servitude | katorgasıhis penal servitude | katorgabızour penal servitude | katorgağızyou all's penal servitude | katorgalarıtheir penal servitudes |
| Genitive | katorganıthe penal servitude's | katorgamımy penal servitude's | katorgaŋıyour penal servitude's | katorgasınıhis penal servitude's | katorgabıznıour penal servitude's | katorgağıznıyou all's penal servitude's | katorgalarınıtheir penal servitudes' |
| Accusative | katorganıthe penal servitude (as the object) | katorgamımy penal servitude (as the object) | katorgaŋıyour penal servitude (as the object) | katorgasınhis penal servitude (as the object) | katorgabıznıour penal servitude (as the object) | katorgağıznıyou all's penal servitude (as the object) | katorgalarıntheir penal servitudes (as the object) |
| Dative | katorgağato the penal servitude | katorgamato my penal servitude | katorgaŋato your penal servitude | katorgasınato his penal servitude | katorgabızğato our penal servitude | katorgağızğato you all's penal servitude | katorgalarınato their penal servitudes |
| Locative | katorgadain / at the penal servitude | katorgamdain / at my penal servitude | katorgaŋdain / at your penal servitude | katorgasındain / at his penal servitude | katorgabızdain / at our penal servitude | katorgağızdain / at you all's penal servitude | katorgalarındain / at their penal servitudes |
| Ablative | katorgadanfrom the penal servitude | katorgamdanfrom my penal servitude | katorgaŋdanfrom your penal servitude | katorgasındanfrom his penal servitude | katorgabızdanfrom our penal servitude | katorgağızdanfrom you all's penal servitude | katorgalarındanfrom their penal servitudes |
There is no plural of this word. The ending would attach like any other — it is the word, not the grammar, that refuses: this is not something Karachay counts.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.