jırırğa
/dʒɯrɯrʁa/
1. cut open, slit, rip open
- terini jırırğa — to cut the hide open
- terini bıçaq bla jırdı — he cut the hide open with a knife
- balıqnı qarnın jırama — I slit the fish's belly open
- qozulanı qulaqların jırıb en saladıla — they slit the lambs' ears and put an earmark on them
- eski tonnu jırıb açdıq — we slit the old fur coat open
2. cut through, cleave (water, air or darkness)
- keme teŋizni jırıb keledi — the ship comes cleaving the sea
- keme suwnu jırıb baradı — the ship goes cutting through the water
- keme teŋizni jıradı — the ship cleaves the sea
- ay jarığı qaraŋını jırdı — the moonlight cut through the darkness
3. push through, make one's way through (a field, grass or thicket)
- çırpını jırıb barabız — we are pushing our way through the brushwood
- iynekle hanslanı jırıb baradıla — the cows are making their way through the grass
- jılan kırdıknı jırıb baradı — the snake makes its way through the grass
4. furrow, plow (land)
- traktor sabannı jıradı — the tractor plows the field
5. leave a deep track, leave a rut
- keçe jawğan teren qarnı jıra — cutting a track through the deep snow that fell overnight
- maşina balçıqnı jırıb ketdi — the car left ruts in the mud
6. cut through, tunnel through (rock or a mountain)
- qısır tawnu jırsam da — even if I cut through the barren mountain
- tawnu jırıb jol saldıla — they cut through the mountain and built a road
Conjugation
Common forms
- jıradıhe is cutting
- jırdıhe cut
- jırğandıhe has cut
- jırırhe will cut
- jırlıqdıhe is going to cut
- jıra edihe was cutting
- jırsaif he cuts
- jır!cut!
Simple tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (simple & continuous) | menjıramaI am cutting | senjırasayou are cutting | oljıradıhe is cutting | bizjırabızwe are cutting | sizjırasızyou all are cutting | alajıradılathey are cutting |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menjırmaymaI am not cutting | senjırmaysayou are not cutting | oljırmaydıhe is not cutting | bizjırmaybızwe are not cutting | sizjırmaysızyou all are not cutting | alajırmaydılathey are not cutting |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menjıramamı? jıramıma?am I cutting? | senjıramısa?are you cutting? | oljıramıdı?is he cutting? | bizjırabızmı? jıramıbız?are we cutting? | sizjıramısız?are you all cutting? | alajıramıdıla?are they cutting? |
| Present (simple & continuous) | menjırmaymamı? jırmaymıma?aren't I cutting? | senjırmaymısa?aren't you cutting? | oljırmaymıdı?isn't he cutting? | bizjırmaybızmı? jırmaymıbız?aren't we cutting? | sizjırmaymısız?aren't you all cutting? | alajırmaymıdıla?aren't they cutting? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menjırıwçanmaI usually cut | senjırıwçansayou usually cut | oljırıwçandıhe usually cuts | bizjırıwçanbızwe usually cut | sizjırıwçansızyou all usually cut | alajırıwçandılathey usually cut |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menjırmawçanmaI usually don't cut | senjırmawçansayou usually don't cut | oljırmawçandıhe usually doesn't cut | bizjırmawçanbızwe usually don't cut | sizjırmawçansızyou all usually don't cut | alajırmawçandılathey usually don't cut |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menjırıwçanmamı? jırıwçanmıma?do I usually cut? | senjırıwçanmısa?do you usually cut? | oljırıwçanmıdı?does he usually cut? | bizjırıwçanbızmı? jırıwçanmıbız?do we usually cut? | sizjırıwçanmısız?do you all usually cut? | alajırıwçanmıdıla?do they usually cut? |
| Habitual (usually, tends to) | menjırmawçanmamı? jırmawçanmıma?do I usually not cut? | senjırmawçanmısa?do you usually not cut? | oljırmawçanmıdı?does he usually not cut? | bizjırmawçanbızmı? jırmawçanmıbız?do we usually not cut? | sizjırmawçanmısız?do you all usually not cut? | alajırmawçanmıdıla?do they usually not cut? |
| Resultative (has become and stays) | oljırıbdıhe has cut and remains so | alajırıbdılathey have cut and remain so | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | oljırıbmıdı?has he cut? | alajırıbmıdıla?have they cut? | ||||
| Resultative (has become and stays) | ||||||
| Durative (keeps doing) | menjırıb turamaI keep cutting | senjırıb turasayou keep cutting | oljırıb turadıhe keeps cutting | bizjırıb turabızwe keep cutting | sizjırıb turasızyou all keep cutting | alajırıb turadılathey keep cutting |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menjırıb turmaymaI don't keep cutting | senjırıb turmaysayou don't keep cutting | oljırıb turmaydıhe doesn't keep cutting | bizjırıb turmaybızwe don't keep cutting | sizjırıb turmaysızyou all don't keep cutting | alajırıb turmaydılathey don't keep cutting |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menjırıb turamamı? jırıb turamıma?do I keep cutting? | senjırıb turamısa?do you keep cutting? | oljırıb turamıdı?does he keep cutting? | bizjırıb turabızmı? jırıb turamıbız?do we keep cutting? | sizjırıb turamısız?do you all keep cutting? | alajırıb turamıdıla?do they keep cutting? |
| Durative (keeps doing) | menjırıb turmaymamı? jırıb turmaymıma?don't I keep cutting? | senjırıb turmaymısa?don't you keep cutting? | oljırıb turmaymıdı?doesn't he keep cutting? | bizjırıb turmaybızmı? jırıb turmaymıbız?don't we keep cutting? | sizjırıb turmaymısız?don't you all keep cutting? | alajırıb turmaymıdıla?don't they keep cutting? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menjıra turamaI am in the middle of cutting | senjıra turasayou are in the middle of cutting | oljıra turadıhe is in the middle of cutting | bizjıra turabızwe are in the middle of cutting | sizjıra turasızyou all are in the middle of cutting | alajıra turadılathey are in the middle of cutting |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menjıra turmaymaI am not in the middle of cutting | senjıra turmaysayou are not in the middle of cutting | oljıra turmaydıhe is not in the middle of cutting | bizjıra turmaybızwe are not in the middle of cutting | sizjıra turmaysızyou all are not in the middle of cutting | alajıra turmaydılathey are not in the middle of cutting |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menjıra turamamı? jıra turamıma?am I in the middle of cutting? | senjıra turamısa?are you in the middle of cutting? | oljıra turamıdı?is he in the middle of cutting? | bizjıra turabızmı? jıra turamıbız?are we in the middle of cutting? | sizjıra turamısız?are you all in the middle of cutting? | alajıra turamıdıla?are they in the middle of cutting? |
| Progressive (in the middle of) | menjıra turmaymamı? jıra turmaymıma?aren't I in the middle of cutting? | senjıra turmaymısa?aren't you in the middle of cutting? | oljıra turmaymıdı?isn't he in the middle of cutting? | bizjıra turmaybızmı? jıra turmaymıbız?aren't we in the middle of cutting? | sizjıra turmaymısız?aren't you all in the middle of cutting? | alajıra turmaymıdıla?aren't they in the middle of cutting? |
| Simple past (definite) | menjırdımI cut | senjırdıŋyou cut | oljırdıhe cut | bizjırdıqwe cut | sizjırdığızyou all cut | alajırdılathey cut |
| Simple past (definite) | menjırmadımI didn't cut | senjırmadıŋyou didn't cut | oljırmadıhe didn't cut | bizjırmadıqwe didn't cut | sizjırmadığızyou all didn't cut | alajırmadılathey didn't cut |
| Simple past (definite) | menjırdımmı?did I cut? | senjırdıŋmı?did you cut? | oljırdımı?did he cut? | bizjırdıqmı?did we cut? | sizjırdığızmı?did you all cut? | alajırdılamı?did they cut? |
| Simple past (definite) | menjırmadımmı?didn't I cut? | senjırmadıŋmı?didn't you cut? | oljırmadımı?didn't he cut? | bizjırmadıqmı?didn't we cut? | sizjırmadığızmı?didn't you all cut? | alajırmadılamı?didn't they cut? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menjırğanmaI have cut | senjırğansayou have cut | oljırğandıhe has cut | bizjırğanbızwe have cut | sizjırğansızyou all have cut | alajırğandılathey have cut |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menjırmağanmaI haven't cut | senjırmağansayou haven't cut | oljırmağandıhe hasn't cut | bizjırmağanbızwe haven't cut | sizjırmağansızyou all haven't cut | alajırmağandılathey haven't cut |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menjırğanmamı? jırğanmıma?have I cut? | senjırğanmısa?have you cut? | oljırğanmıdı?has he cut? | bizjırğanbızmı? jırğanmıbız?have we cut? | sizjırğanmısız?have you all cut? | alajırğanmıdıla?have they cut? |
| Perfect (past indefinite) | menjırmağanmamı? jırmağanmıma?haven't I cut? | senjırmağanmısa?haven't you cut? | oljırmağanmıdı?hasn't he cut? | bizjırmağanbızmı? jırmağanmıbız?haven't we cut? | sizjırmağanmısız?haven't you all cut? | alajırmağanmıdıla?haven't they cut? |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menjırıb turdumI kept cutting | senjırıb turduŋyou kept cutting | oljırıb turduhe kept cutting | bizjırıb turduqwe kept cutting | sizjırıb turduğuzyou all kept cutting | alajırıb turdulathey kept cutting |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | menjırıb turmadımI didn't keep cutting | senjırıb turmadıŋyou didn't keep cutting | oljırıb turmadıhe didn't keep cutting | bizjırıb turmadıqwe didn't keep cutting | sizjırıb turmadığızyou all didn't keep cutting | alajırıb turmadılathey didn't keep cutting |
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Durative, definite past (kept doing) | ||||||
| Indefinite future (future I) | menjırırmaI will cut | senjırırsayou will cut | oljırırhe will cut | bizjırırbızwe will cut | sizjırırsızyou all will cut | alajırırlathey will cut |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menjırmazmaI won't cut | senjırmazsayou won't cut | oljırmazhe won't cut | bizjırmazbızwe won't cut | sizjırmazsızyou all won't cut | alajırmazlathey won't cut |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menjırırmamı? jırırmıma?will I cut? | senjırırmısa?will you cut? | oljırırmı?will he cut? | bizjırırbızmı? jırırmıbız?will we cut? | sizjırırmısız?will you all cut? | alajırırlamı? jırırmıla?will they cut? |
| Indefinite future (future I) | menjırmazmamı? jırmazmıma?won't I cut? | senjırmazmısa?won't you cut? | oljırmazmı?won't he cut? | bizjırmazbızmı? jırmazmıbız?won't we cut? | sizjırmazmısız?won't you all cut? | alajırmazlamı? jırmazmıla?won't they cut? |
| Definite future (future II) | menjırlıqma1jırrıqmaI am going to cut | senjırlıqsa1jırrıqsayou are going to cut | oljırlıqdı1jırrıqdıhe is going to cut | bizjırlıqbız1jırrıqbızwe are going to cut | sizjırlıqsız1jırrıqsızyou all are going to cut | alajırlıqdıla1jırrıqdılathey are going to cut |
| Definite future (future II) | menjırlıq tülme1jırrıq tülmeI am not going to cut | senjırlıq tülse1jırrıq tülseyou are not going to cut | oljırlıq tüldü1jırrıq tüldühe is not going to cut | bizjırlıq tülbüz1jırrıq tülbüzwe are not going to cut | sizjırlıq tülsüz1jırrıq tülsüzyou all are not going to cut | alajırlıq tüldüle1jırrıq tüldülethey are not going to cut |
| Definite future (future II) | menjırlıqmamı?1 jırlıqmıma?jırrıqmamı?am I going to cut? | senjırlıqmısa?1jırrıqmısa?are you going to cut? | oljırlıqmıdı?1jırrıqmıdı?is he going to cut? | bizjırlıqbızmı?1 jırlıqmıbız?jırrıqbızmı?are we going to cut? | sizjırlıqmısız?1jırrıqmısız?are you all going to cut? | alajırlıqmıdıla?1jırrıqmıdıla?are they going to cut? |
| Definite future (future II) | menjırlıq tülmüme?1jırrıq tülmüme?aren't I going to cut? | senjırlıq tülmüse?1jırrıq tülmüse?aren't you going to cut? | oljırlıq tülmüdü?1jırrıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to cut? | bizjırlıq tülmübüz?1jırrıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to cut? | sizjırlıq tülmüsüz?1jırrıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to cut? | alajırlıq tülmüdüle?1jırrıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to cut? |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Definite future (future II)spoken: -lıq/-lik → -rıq/-rik after r, so jırrıqdı
Past compound tenses
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menjırğan edimjırğanemI had cut | senjırğan ediŋjırğaneŋyou had cut | oljırğan edijırğanedhe had cut | bizjırğan edikjırğanekwe had cut | sizjırğan edigizjırğanegizyou all had cut | alajırğan edilejırğanellethey had cut |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | menjırmağan edimjırmağanemI hadn't cut | senjırmağan ediŋjırmağaneŋyou hadn't cut | oljırmağan edijırmağanedhe hadn't cut | bizjırmağan edikjırmağanekwe hadn't cut | sizjırmağan edigizjırmağanegizyou all hadn't cut | alajırmağan edilejırmağanellethey hadn't cut |
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past perfect (pluperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menjıra edimjıraemI was cutting | senjıra ediŋjıraeŋyou were cutting | oljıra edijıraedhe was cutting | bizjıra edikjıraekwe were cutting | sizjıra edigizjıraegizyou all were cutting | alajıra edilejıraellethey were cutting |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | menjırmay edimjırmayemI wasn't cutting | senjırmay ediŋjırmayeŋyou weren't cutting | oljırmay edijırmayedhe wasn't cutting | bizjırmay edikjırmayekwe weren't cutting | sizjırmay edigizjırmayegizyou all weren't cutting | alajırmay edilejırmayellethey weren't cutting |
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Past continuous (imperfect) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | menjırıwçan edimjırıwçanemI used to cut | senjırıwçan ediŋjırıwçaneŋyou used to cut | oljırıwçan edijırıwçanedhe used to cut | bizjırıwçan edikjırıwçanekwe used to cut | sizjırıwçan edigizjırıwçanegizyou all used to cut | alajırıwçan edilejırıwçanellethey used to cut |
| Habitual past (used to) | menjırmawçan edimjırmawçanemI didn't use to cut | senjırmawçan ediŋjırmawçaneŋyou didn't use to cut | oljırmawçan edijırmawçanedhe didn't use to cut | bizjırmawçan edikjırmawçanekwe didn't use to cut | sizjırmawçan edigizjırmawçanegizyou all didn't use to cut | alajırmawçan edilejırmawçanellethey didn't use to cut |
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Habitual past (used to) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | oljırıb edihe had cut and remained so | alajırıb edilethey had cut and remained so | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | oljırıb tül edihe hadn't cut | alajırıb tül edilethey hadn't cut | ||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Resultative past (had become and stayed) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menjırıb tura edimjırıb turaemI had kept cutting | senjırıb tura ediŋjırıb turaeŋyou had kept cutting | oljırıb tura edijırıb turaedhe had kept cutting | bizjırıb tura edikjırıb turaekwe had kept cutting | sizjırıb tura edigizjırıb turaegizyou all had kept cutting | alajırıb tura edilejırıb turaellethey had kept cutting |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | menjırıb turmay edimjırıb turmayemI hadn't kept cutting | senjırıb turmay ediŋjırıb turmayeŋyou hadn't kept cutting | oljırıb turmay edijırıb turmayedhe hadn't kept cutting | bizjırıb turmay edikjırıb turmayekwe hadn't kept cutting | sizjırıb turmay edigizjırıb turmayegizyou all hadn't kept cutting | alajırıb turmay edilejırıb turmayellethey hadn't kept cutting |
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past durative (had kept doing) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menjıra tura edimjıra turaemI was in the middle of cutting | senjıra tura ediŋjıra turaeŋyou were in the middle of cutting | oljıra tura edijıra turaedhe was in the middle of cutting | bizjıra tura edikjıra turaekwe were in the middle of cutting | sizjıra tura edigizjıra turaegizyou all were in the middle of cutting | alajıra tura edilejıra turaellethey were in the middle of cutting |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | menjıra turmay edimjıra turmayemI wasn't in the middle of cutting | senjıra turmay ediŋjıra turmayeŋyou weren't in the middle of cutting | oljıra turmay edijıra turmayedhe wasn't in the middle of cutting | bizjıra turmay edikjıra turmayekwe weren't in the middle of cutting | sizjıra turmay edigizjıra turmayegizyou all weren't in the middle of cutting | alajıra turmay edilejıra turmayellethey weren't in the middle of cutting |
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Past progressive (was in the middle of) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | menjırır edimjırır emI would cut | senjırır ediŋjırır eŋyou would cut | oljırır edijırır edhe would cut | bizjırır edikjırır ekwe would cut | sizjırır edigizjırır egizyou all would cut | alajırır edilejırır ellethey would cut |
| Conditional result (would) | menjırmaz edimjırmaz emI wouldn't cut | senjırmaz ediŋjırmaz eŋyou wouldn't cut | oljırmaz edijırmaz edhe wouldn't cut | bizjırmaz edikjırmaz ekwe wouldn't cut | sizjırmaz edigizjırmaz egizyou all wouldn't cut | alajırmaz edilejırmaz ellethey wouldn't cut |
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Conditional result (would) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) | menjırlıq edim2jırlıq emjırrıq edimI would have cut | senjırlıq ediŋ2jırlıq eŋjırrıq ediŋyou would have cut | oljırlıq edi2jırlıq edjırrıq edihe would have cut | bizjırlıq edik2jırlıq ekjırrıq edikwe would have cut | sizjırlıq edigiz2jırlıq egizjırrıq edigizyou all would have cut | alajırlıq edile2jırlıq ellejırrıq edilethey would have cut |
| Past conditional result (would have) | menjırlıq tül edim2jırlıq tül emjırrıq tül edimI wouldn't have cut | senjırlıq tül ediŋ2jırlıq tül eŋjırrıq tül ediŋyou wouldn't have cut | oljırlıq tül edi2jırlıq tül edjırrıq tül edihe wouldn't have cut | bizjırlıq tül edik2jırlıq tül ekjırrıq tül edikwe wouldn't have cut | sizjırlıq tül edigiz2jırlıq tül egizjırrıq tül edigizyou all wouldn't have cut | alajırlıq tül edile2jırlıq tül ellejırrıq tül edilethey wouldn't have cut |
| Past conditional result (would have) | ||||||
| Past conditional result (would have) |
- Past conditional result (would have)spoken: -lıq/-lik → -rıq/-rik after r, so jırrıq edi
Conditional
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conditional | menjırsamif I cut | senjırsaŋif you cut | oljırsaif he cuts | bizjırsaqif we cut | sizjırsağızif you all cut | alajırsalaif they cut |
| Conditional | menjırmasamif I don't cut | senjırmasaŋif you don't cut | oljırmasaif he doesn't cut | bizjırmasaqif we don't cut | sizjırmasağızif you all don't cut | alajırmasalaif they don't cut |
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | menjıra esemif I am cutting | senjıra eseŋif you are cutting | oljıra eseif he is cutting | bizjıra esekif we are cutting | sizjıra esegizif you all are cutting | alajıra eseleif they are cutting |
| Conditional, present real | menjırmay esemif I am not cutting | senjırmay eseŋif you are not cutting | oljırmay eseif he is not cutting | bizjırmay esekif we are not cutting | sizjırmay esegizif you all are not cutting | alajırmay eseleif they are not cutting |
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, present real | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menjırsam edijırsam edif only I cut | senjırsaŋ edijırsaŋ edif only you cut | oljırsa edijırsaedif only he cut | bizjırsaq edijırsaq edif only we cut | sizjırsağız edijırsağız edif only you all cut | alajırsala edijırsalaedif only they cut |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | menjırmasam edijırmasam edif only I didn't cut | senjırmasaŋ edijırmasaŋ edif only you didn't cut | oljırmasa edijırmasaedif only he didn't cut | bizjırmasaq edijırmasaq edif only we didn't cut | sizjırmasağız edijırmasağız edif only you all didn't cut | alajırmasala edijırmasalaedif only they didn't cut |
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Wish, present/future (if only) | ||||||
| Durative conditional | menjırıb tursamif I carry on cutting | senjırıb tursaŋif you carry on cutting | oljırıb tursaif he carries on cutting | bizjırıb tursaqif we carry on cutting | sizjırıb tursağızif you all carry on cutting | alajırıb tursalaif they carry on cutting |
| Durative conditional | menjırıb turmasamif I don't carry on cutting | senjırıb turmasaŋif you don't carry on cutting | oljırıb turmasaif he doesn't carry on cutting | bizjırıb turmasaqif we don't carry on cutting | sizjırıb turmasağızif you all don't carry on cutting | alajırıb turmasalaif they don't carry on cutting |
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | menjırıb tura esemif I have kept cutting | senjırıb tura eseŋif you have kept cutting | oljırıb tura eseif he has kept cutting | bizjırıb tura esekif we have kept cutting | sizjırıb tura esegizif you all have kept cutting | alajırıb tura eseleif they have kept cutting |
| Durative conditional, present real | menjırıb turmay esemif I haven't kept cutting | senjırıb turmay eseŋif you haven't kept cutting | oljırıb turmay eseif he hasn't kept cutting | bizjırıb turmay esekif we haven't kept cutting | sizjırıb turmay esegizif you all haven't kept cutting | alajırıb turmay eseleif they haven't kept cutting |
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Durative conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | menjıra tursamif I keep cutting | senjıra tursaŋif you keep cutting | oljıra tursaif he keeps cutting | bizjıra tursaqif we keep cutting | sizjıra tursağızif you all keep cutting | alajıra tursalaif they keep cutting |
| Progressive conditional | menjırmay tursamif I keep on not cutting | senjırmay tursaŋif you keep on not cutting | oljırmay tursaif he keeps on not cutting | bizjırmay tursaqif we keep on not cutting | sizjırmay tursağızif you all keep on not cutting | alajırmay tursalaif they keep on not cutting |
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | menjıra tura esemif I am in the middle of cutting | senjıra tura eseŋif you are in the middle of cutting | oljıra tura eseif he is in the middle of cutting | bizjıra tura esekif we are in the middle of cutting | sizjıra tura esegizif you all are in the middle of cutting | alajıra tura eseleif they are in the middle of cutting |
| Progressive conditional, present real | menjırmay tura esemif I keep on not cutting | senjırmay tura eseŋif you keep on not cutting | oljırmay tura eseif he keeps on not cutting | bizjırmay tura esekif we keep on not cutting | sizjırmay tura esegizif you all keep on not cutting | alajırmay tura eseleif they keep on not cutting |
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Progressive conditional, present real | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past3 | menjırdım esemif I cut | senjırdıŋ eseŋif you cut | oljırdı eseif he cut | bizjırdıq esekif we cut | sizjırdığız esegizif you all cut | alajırdıla eseleif they cut |
| Conditional, definite past3 | menjırmadım esemif I didn't cut | senjırmadıŋ eseŋif you didn't cut | oljırmadı eseif he didn't cut | bizjırmadıq esekif we didn't cut | sizjırmadığız esegizif you all didn't cut | alajırmadıla eseleif they didn't cut |
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, definite past | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | menjırğan esemif I did cut (indeed) | senjırğan eseŋif you did cut (indeed) | oljırğan eseif he did cut (indeed) | bizjırğan esekif we did cut (indeed) | sizjırğan esegizif you all did cut (indeed) | alajırğan eseleif they did cut (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | menjırmağan esemif I didn't cut (indeed) | senjırmağan eseŋif you didn't cut (indeed) | oljırmağan eseif he didn't cut (indeed) | bizjırmağan esekif we didn't cut (indeed) | sizjırmağan esegizif you all didn't cut (indeed) | alajırmağan eseleif they didn't cut (indeed) |
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, past real | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | menjırğan bolsamif I had cut | senjırğan bolsaŋif you had cut | oljırğan bolsaif he had cut | bizjırğan bolsaqif we had cut | sizjırğan bolsağızif you all had cut | alajırğan bolsalaif they had cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual | menjırmağan bolsamif I hadn't cut | senjırmağan bolsaŋif you hadn't cut | oljırmağan bolsaif he hadn't cut | bizjırmağan bolsaqif we hadn't cut | sizjırmağan bolsağızif you all hadn't cut | alajırmağan bolsalaif they hadn't cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menjırğan bolsam edijırğan bolsam edif only I had cut | senjırğan bolsaŋ edijırğan bolsaŋ edif only you had cut | oljırğan bolsa edijırğan bolsaedif only he had cut | bizjırğan bolsaq edijırğan bolsaq edif only we had cut | sizjırğan bolsağız edijırğan bolsağız edif only you all had cut | alajırğan bolsala edijırğan bolsalaedif only they had cut |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | menjırmağan bolsam edijırmağan bolsam edif only I hadn't cut | senjırmağan bolsaŋ edijırmağan bolsaŋ edif only you hadn't cut | oljırmağan bolsa edijırmağan bolsaedif only he hadn't cut | bizjırmağan bolsaq edijırmağan bolsaq edif only we hadn't cut | sizjırmağan bolsağız edijırmağan bolsağız edif only you all hadn't cut | alajırmağan bolsala edijırmağan bolsalaedif only they hadn't cut |
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Wish, past (if only I had) | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | menjırır esemif I will cut | senjırır eseŋif you will cut | oljırır eseif he will cut | bizjırır esekif we will cut | sizjırır esegizif you all will cut | alajırır eseleif they will cut |
| Conditional, aorist | menjırmaz esemif I won't cut | senjırmaz eseŋif you won't cut | oljırmaz eseif he won't cut | bizjırmaz esekif we won't cut | sizjırmaz esegizif you all won't cut | alajırmaz eseleif they won't cut |
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, aorist | ||||||
| Conditional, future | menjırlıq esem4jırrıq esemif I am going to cut | senjırlıq eseŋ4jırrıq eseŋif you are going to cut | oljırlıq ese4jırrıq eseif he is going to cut | bizjırlıq esek4jırrıq esekif we are going to cut | sizjırlıq esegiz4jırrıq esegizif you all are going to cut | alajırlıq esele4jırrıq eseleif they are going to cut |
| Conditional, future | menjırlıq tül esem4jırrıq tül esemif I am not going to cut | senjırlıq tül eseŋ4jırrıq tül eseŋif you are not going to cut | oljırlıq tül ese4jırrıq tül eseif he is not going to cut | bizjırlıq tül esek4jırrıq tül esekif we are not going to cut | sizjırlıq tül esegiz4jırrıq tül esegizif you all are not going to cut | alajırlıq tül esele4jırrıq tül eseleif they are not going to cut |
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menjırlıq bolsam5jırrıq bolsamif I were going to cut | senjırlıq bolsaŋ5jırrıq bolsaŋif you were going to cut | oljırlıq bolsa5jırrıq bolsaif he were going to cut | bizjırlıq bolsaq5jırrıq bolsaqif we were going to cut | sizjırlıq bolsağız5jırrıq bolsağızif you all were going to cut | alajırlıq bolsala5jırrıq bolsalaif they were going to cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | menjırmazlıq bolsamif I were not going to cut | senjırmazlıq bolsaŋif you were not going to cut | oljırmazlıq bolsaif he were not going to cut | bizjırmazlıq bolsaqif we were not going to cut | sizjırmazlıq bolsağızif you all were not going to cut | alajırmazlıq bolsalaif they were not going to cut |
| Conditional, counterfactual future | ||||||
| Conditional, counterfactual future |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Conditional, definite pastalso jırdıŋ ese: the person on the verb only (Байрамкулов and Урусбиев 1967 § 110)
- Conditional, futurespoken: -lıq/-lik → -rıq/-rik after r, so jırrıq ese
- Conditional, counterfactual futurespoken: -lıq/-lik → -rıq/-rik after r, so jırrıq bolsa
Inferential
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menjıra bolurmaI must be cutting | senjıra bolursayou must be cutting | oljıra bolurhe must be cutting | bizjıra bolurbuzwe must be cutting | sizjıra bolursuzyou all must be cutting | alajıra bolurlathey must be cutting |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | menjırmay bolurmaI must not be cutting | senjırmay bolursayou must not be cutting | oljırmay bolurhe must not be cutting | bizjırmay bolurbuzwe must not be cutting | sizjırmay bolursuzyou all must not be cutting | alajırmay bolurlathey must not be cutting |
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, present (must be doing) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menjıra tura bolurmaI must be in the middle of cutting | senjıra tura bolursayou must be in the middle of cutting | oljıra tura bolurhe must be in the middle of cutting | bizjıra tura bolurbuzwe must be in the middle of cutting | sizjıra tura bolursuzyou all must be in the middle of cutting | alajıra tura bolurlathey must be in the middle of cutting |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | menjırmay tura bolurmaI must keep on not cutting | senjırmay tura bolursayou must keep on not cutting | oljırmay tura bolurhe must keep on not cutting | bizjırmay tura bolurbuzwe must keep on not cutting | sizjırmay tura bolursuzyou all must keep on not cutting | alajırmay tura bolurlathey must keep on not cutting |
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference, progressive (must be in the middle of) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | menjırğan bolurmaI must have cut | senjırğan bolursayou must have cut | oljırğan bolurhe must have cut | bizjırğan bolurbuzwe must have cut | sizjırğan bolursuzyou all must have cut | alajırğan bolurlathey must have cut |
| Inference (must have) | menjırmağan bolurmaI must not have cut | senjırmağan bolursayou must not have cut | oljırmağan bolurhe must not have cut | bizjırmağan bolurbuzwe must not have cut | sizjırmağan bolursuzyou all must not have cut | alajırmağan bolurlathey must not have cut |
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference (must have) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menjırlıq bolurma6jırrıq bolurmaI must be going to cut | senjırlıq bolursa6jırrıq bolursayou must be going to cut | oljırlıq bolur6jırrıq bolurhe must be going to cut | bizjırlıq bolurbuz6jırrıq bolurbuzwe must be going to cut | sizjırlıq bolursuz6jırrıq bolursuzyou all must be going to cut | alajırlıq bolurla6jırrıq bolurlathey must be going to cut |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | menjırmazlıq bolurmaI must not be going to cut | senjırmazlıq bolursayou must not be going to cut | oljırmazlıq bolurhe must not be going to cut | bizjırmazlıq bolurbuzwe must not be going to cut | sizjırmazlıq bolursuzyou all must not be going to cut | alajırmazlıq bolurlathey must not be going to cut |
| Inference, future (must be going to) | ||||||
| Inference, future (must be going to) |
Emphatic forms: see Emphatic and rare forms
- Inference, future (must be going to)spoken: -lıq/-lik → -rıq/-rik after r, so jırrıq bolur
Commands, requests and wishes
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commands & suggestions | menjırayımlet me cut | senjır!cut! | oljırsınlet him cut | bizjırayıqlet's cut | sizjırığız!cut, you all! | alajırsınlalet them cut |
| Commands & suggestions | menjırmayımlet me not cut | senjırma!don't cut! | oljırmasınlet him not cut | bizjırmayıqlet's not cut | sizjırmağız!don't cut, you all! | alajırmasınlalet them not cut |
| Commands & suggestions | menjırayımmı?shall I cut? | oljırsınmı?should he cut? | bizjırayıqmı?shall we cut? | alajırsınlamı?should they cut? | ||
| Commands & suggestions | menjırmayımmı?shall I not cut? | oljırmasınmı?should he not cut? | bizjırmayıqmı?shall we not cut? | alajırmasınlamı?should they not cut? | ||
| Requests | senjırçı7jırçınplease cut | oljırsınçıdo let him cut | sizjırçığızplease cut (plural/polite) | alajırsınlaçıdo let them cut | ||
| Requests | senjırmaçı7jırmaçınplease don't cut | oljırmasınçıdo let him not cut | sizjırmaçığızplease don't cut (plural/polite) | alajırmasınlaçıdo let them not cut | ||
| Requests | ||||||
| Requests | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senjırğınjırğımay you cut | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | senjırmağınjırmağımay you not cut | |||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Blessings & curses — may you… | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menjırğay edim jırğa edimwould that I cut | senjırğay ediŋ jırğa ediŋwould that you cut | oljırğay edi jırğa ediwould that he cut | bizjırğay edik jırğa edikwould that we cut | sizjırğay edigiz jırğa edigizwould that you all cut | alajırğay edile jırğa edilewould that they cut |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | menjırmağay edim jırmağa edimwould that I did not cut | senjırmağay ediŋ jırmağa ediŋwould that you did not cut | oljırmağay edi jırmağa ediwould that he did not cut | bizjırmağay edik jırmağa edikwould that we did not cut | sizjırmağay edigiz jırmağa edigizwould that you all did not cut | alajırmağay edile jırmağa edilewould that they did not cut |
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Optative wish (-ğay + edi) | ||||||
| Let someone… (commands) | menjırmağa qoyayımjırma qoyayımlet me allow someone to cut | senjırmağa qoy!jırma qoy!let someone cut! | oljırmağa qoysunjırma qoysunlet him allow someone to cut | bizjırmağa qoyayıqjırma qoyayıqlet's allow someone to cut | sizjırmağa qoyuğuz!jırma qoyuğuz!let someone cut, you all! | alajırmağa qoysunlajırma qoysunlalet them allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (commands) | menjırmağa qoymayımjırma qoymayımlet me not allow someone to cut | senjırmağa qoyma!jırma qoyma!don't let someone cut! | oljırmağa qoymasınjırma qoymasınlet him not allow someone to cut | bizjırmağa qoymayıqjırma qoymayıqlet's not allow someone to cut | sizjırmağa qoymağız!jırma qoymağız!don't let someone cut, you all! | alajırmağa qoymasınlajırma qoymasınlalet them not allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (commands) | menjırmağa qoyayımmı?jırma qoyayımmı?shall I allow someone to cut? | oljırmağa qoysunmu?jırma qoysunmu?should he allow someone to cut? | bizjırmağa qoyayıqmı?jırma qoyayıqmı?shall we allow someone to cut? | alajırmağa qoysunlamı?jırma qoysunlamı?should they allow someone to cut? | ||
| Let someone… (commands) | menjırmağa qoymayımmı?jırma qoymayımmı?shall I not allow someone to cut? | oljırmağa qoymasınmı?jırma qoymasınmı?should he not allow someone to cut? | bizjırmağa qoymayıqmı?jırma qoymayıqmı?shall we not allow someone to cut? | alajırmağa qoymasınlamı?jırma qoymasınlamı?should they not allow someone to cut? | ||
| Let someone… (present) | menjırmağa qoyamajırma qoyamaI allow someone to cut | senjırmağa qoyasajırma qoyasayou allow someone to cut | oljırmağa qoyadıjırma qoyadıhe allows someone to cut | bizjırmağa qoyabızjırma qoyabızwe allow someone to cut | sizjırmağa qoyasızjırma qoyasızyou all allow someone to cut | alajırmağa qoyadılajırma qoyadılathey allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (present) | menjırmağa qoymaymajırma qoymaymaI don't allow someone to cut | senjırmağa qoymaysajırma qoymaysayou don't allow someone to cut | oljırmağa qoymaydıjırma qoymaydıhe doesn't allow someone to cut | bizjırmağa qoymaybızjırma qoymaybızwe don't allow someone to cut | sizjırmağa qoymaysızjırma qoymaysızyou all don't allow someone to cut | alajırmağa qoymaydılajırma qoymaydılathey don't allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (present) | menjırmağa qoyamamı?jırma qoyamamı?do I allow someone to cut? | senjırmağa qoyamısa?jırma qoyamısa?do you allow someone to cut? | oljırmağa qoyamıdı?jırma qoyamıdı?does he allow someone to cut? | bizjırmağa qoyabızmı?jırma qoyabızmı?do we allow someone to cut? | sizjırmağa qoyamısız?jırma qoyamısız?do you all allow someone to cut? | alajırmağa qoyamıdıla?jırma qoyamıdıla?do they allow someone to cut? |
| Let someone… (present) | menjırmağa qoymaymamı?jırma qoymaymamı?don't I allow someone to cut? | senjırmağa qoymaymısa?jırma qoymaymısa?don't you allow someone to cut? | oljırmağa qoymaymıdı?jırma qoymaymıdı?doesn't he allow someone to cut? | bizjırmağa qoymaybızmı?jırma qoymaybızmı?don't we allow someone to cut? | sizjırmağa qoymaymısız?jırma qoymaymısız?don't you all allow someone to cut? | alajırmağa qoymaymıdıla?jırma qoymaymıdıla?don't they allow someone to cut? |
| Let someone… (past) | menjırmağa qoydumjırma qoydumI allowed someone to cut | senjırmağa qoyduŋjırma qoyduŋyou allowed someone to cut | oljırmağa qoydujırma qoyduhe allowed someone to cut | bizjırmağa qoyduqjırma qoyduqwe allowed someone to cut | sizjırmağa qoyduğuzjırma qoyduğuzyou all allowed someone to cut | alajırmağa qoydulajırma qoydulathey allowed someone to cut |
| Let someone… (past) | menjırmağa qoymadımjırma qoymadımI didn't allow someone to cut | senjırmağa qoymadıŋjırma qoymadıŋyou didn't allow someone to cut | oljırmağa qoymadıjırma qoymadıhe didn't allow someone to cut | bizjırmağa qoymadıqjırma qoymadıqwe didn't allow someone to cut | sizjırmağa qoymadığızjırma qoymadığızyou all didn't allow someone to cut | alajırmağa qoymadılajırma qoymadılathey didn't allow someone to cut |
| Let someone… (past) | menjırmağa qoydummu?jırma qoydummu?did I allow someone to cut? | senjırmağa qoyduŋmu?jırma qoyduŋmu?did you allow someone to cut? | oljırmağa qoydumu?jırma qoydumu?did he allow someone to cut? | bizjırmağa qoyduqmu?jırma qoyduqmu?did we allow someone to cut? | sizjırmağa qoyduğuzmu?jırma qoyduğuzmu?did you all allow someone to cut? | alajırmağa qoydulamı?jırma qoydulamı?did they allow someone to cut? |
| Let someone… (past) | menjırmağa qoymadımmı?jırma qoymadımmı?didn't I allow someone to cut? | senjırmağa qoymadıŋmı?jırma qoymadıŋmı?didn't you allow someone to cut? | oljırmağa qoymadımı?jırma qoymadımı?didn't he allow someone to cut? | bizjırmağa qoymadıqmı?jırma qoymadıqmı?didn't we allow someone to cut? | sizjırmağa qoymadığızmı?jırma qoymadığızmı?didn't you all allow someone to cut? | alajırmağa qoymadılamı?jırma qoymadılamı?didn't they allow someone to cut? |
- RequestsSpoken variant: singular requests can add a final nasal consonant, with the same request meaning.
Ability
| Tense | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ability — present | menjıralamaI can cut | senjıralasayou can cut | oljıraladıhe can cut | bizjıralabızwe can cut | sizjıralasızyou all can cut | alajıraladılathey can cut |
| Ability — present | menjıralmaymaI can't cut | senjıralmaysayou can't cut | oljıralmaydıhe can't cut | bizjıralmaybızwe can't cut | sizjıralmaysızyou all can't cut | alajıralmaydılathey can't cut |
| Ability — present | menjıralamamı? jıralamıma?can I cut? | senjıralamısa?can you cut? | oljıralamıdı?can he cut? | bizjıralabızmı? jıralamıbız?can we cut? | sizjıralamısız?can you all cut? | alajıralamıdıla?can they cut? |
| Ability — present | menjıralmaymamı? jıralmaymıma?can't I cut? | senjıralmaymısa?can't you cut? | oljıralmaymıdı?can't he cut? | bizjıralmaybızmı? jıralmaymıbız?can't we cut? | sizjıralmaymısız?can't you all cut? | alajıralmaymıdıla?can't they cut? |
| Ability — if I can… | menjıralsamif I can cut | senjıralsaŋif you can cut | oljıralsaif he can cut | bizjıralsaqif we can cut | sizjıralsağızif you all can cut | alajıralsalaif they can cut |
| Ability — if I can… | menjıralmasamif I can't cut | senjıralmasaŋif you can't cut | oljıralmasaif he can't cut | bizjıralmasaqif we can't cut | sizjıralmasağızif you all can't cut | alajıralmasalaif they can't cut |
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — if I can… | ||||||
| Ability — simple past | menjıraldımI was able to cut | senjıraldıŋyou were able to cut | oljıraldıhe was able to cut | bizjıraldıqwe were able to cut | sizjıraldığızyou all were able to cut | alajıraldılathey were able to cut |
| Ability — simple past | menjıralmadımI could not cut | senjıralmadıŋyou could not cut | oljıralmadıhe could not cut | bizjıralmadıqwe could not cut | sizjıralmadığızyou all could not cut | alajıralmadılathey could not cut |
| Ability — simple past | menjıraldımmı?was I able to cut? | senjıraldıŋmı?were you able to cut? | oljıraldımı?was he able to cut? | bizjıraldıqmı?were we able to cut? | sizjıraldığızmı?were you all able to cut? | alajıraldılamı?were they able to cut? |
| Ability — simple past | menjıralmadımmı?couldn't I cut? | senjıralmadıŋmı?couldn't you cut? | oljıralmadımı?couldn't he cut? | bizjıralmadıqmı?couldn't we cut? | sizjıralmadığızmı?couldn't you all cut? | alajıralmadılamı?couldn't they cut? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menjıralğanmaI have been able to cut | senjıralğansayou have been able to cut | oljıralğandıhe has been able to cut | bizjıralğanbızwe have been able to cut | sizjıralğansızyou all have been able to cut | alajıralğandılathey have been able to cut |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menjıralmağanmaI haven't been able to cut | senjıralmağansayou haven't been able to cut | oljıralmağandıhe hasn't been able to cut | bizjıralmağanbızwe haven't been able to cut | sizjıralmağansızyou all haven't been able to cut | alajıralmağandılathey haven't been able to cut |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menjıralğanmamı? jıralğanmıma?have I been able to cut? | senjıralğanmısa?have you been able to cut? | oljıralğanmıdı?has he been able to cut? | bizjıralğanbızmı? jıralğanmıbız?have we been able to cut? | sizjıralğanmısız?have you all been able to cut? | alajıralğanmıdıla?have they been able to cut? |
| Ability — perfect / -ğan past | menjıralmağanmamı? jıralmağanmıma?haven't I been able to cut? | senjıralmağanmısa?haven't you been able to cut? | oljıralmağanmıdı?hasn't he been able to cut? | bizjıralmağanbızmı? jıralmağanmıbız?haven't we been able to cut? | sizjıralmağanmısız?haven't you all been able to cut? | alajıralmağanmıdıla?haven't they been able to cut? |
| Ability — past perfect | menjıralğan edimjıralğanemI had been able to cut | senjıralğan ediŋjıralğaneŋyou had been able to cut | oljıralğan edijıralğanedhe had been able to cut | bizjıralğan edikjıralğanekwe had been able to cut | sizjıralğan edigizjıralğanegizyou all had been able to cut | alajıralğan edilejıralğanellethey had been able to cut |
| Ability — past perfect | menjıralmağan edimjıralmağanemI hadn't been able to cut | senjıralmağan ediŋjıralmağaneŋyou hadn't been able to cut | oljıralmağan edijıralmağanedhe hadn't been able to cut | bizjıralmağan edikjıralmağanekwe hadn't been able to cut | sizjıralmağan edigizjıralmağanegizyou all hadn't been able to cut | alajıralmağan edilejıralmağanellethey hadn't been able to cut |
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past perfect | ||||||
| Ability — past background | menjırala edimjıralaemI could cut | senjırala ediŋjıralaeŋyou could cut | oljırala edijıralaedhe could cut | bizjırala edikjıralaekwe could cut | sizjırala edigizjıralaegizyou all could cut | alajırala edilejıralaellethey could cut |
| Ability — past background | menjıralmay edimjıralmayemI could not cut | senjıralmay ediŋjıralmayeŋyou could not cut | oljıralmay edijıralmayedhe could not cut | bizjıralmay edikjıralmayekwe could not cut | sizjıralmay edigizjıralmayegizyou all could not cut | alajıralmay edilejıralmayellethey could not cut |
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — past background | ||||||
| Ability — future I | menjıralırmaI will be able to cut | senjıralırsayou will be able to cut | oljıralırhe will be able to cut | bizjıralırbızwe will be able to cut | sizjıralırsızyou all will be able to cut | alajıralırlathey will be able to cut |
| Ability — future I | menjıralmazmaI won't be able to cut | senjıralmazsayou won't be able to cut | oljıralmazhe won't be able to cut | bizjıralmazbızwe won't be able to cut | sizjıralmazsızyou all won't be able to cut | alajıralmazlathey won't be able to cut |
| Ability — future I | menjıralırmamı? jıralırmıma?will I be able to cut? | senjıralırmısa?will you be able to cut? | oljıralırmı?will he be able to cut? | bizjıralırbızmı? jıralırmıbız?will we be able to cut? | sizjıralırmısız?will you all be able to cut? | alajıralırlamı? jıralırmıla?will they be able to cut? |
| Ability — future I | menjıralmazmamı? jıralmazmıma?won't I be able to cut? | senjıralmazmısa?won't you be able to cut? | oljıralmazmı?won't he be able to cut? | bizjıralmazbızmı? jıralmazmıbız?won't we be able to cut? | sizjıralmazmısız?won't you all be able to cut? | alajıralmazlamı? jıralmazmıla?won't they be able to cut? |
| Ability — future II | menjırallıqmaI am going to be able to cut | senjırallıqsayou are going to be able to cut | oljırallıqdıhe is going to be able to cut | bizjırallıqbızwe are going to be able to cut | sizjırallıqsızyou all are going to be able to cut | alajırallıqdılathey are going to be able to cut |
| Ability — future II | menjırallıq tülmeI am not going to be able to cut | senjırallıq tülseyou are not going to be able to cut | oljırallıq tüldühe is not going to be able to cut | bizjırallıq tülbüzwe are not going to be able to cut | sizjırallıq tülsüzyou all are not going to be able to cut | alajırallıq tüldülethey are not going to be able to cut |
| Ability — future II | menjırallıqmamı? jırallıqmıma?am I going to be able to cut? | senjırallıqmısa?are you going to be able to cut? | oljırallıqmıdı?is he going to be able to cut? | bizjırallıqbızmı? jırallıqmıbız?are we going to be able to cut? | sizjırallıqmısız?are you all going to be able to cut? | alajırallıqmıdıla?are they going to be able to cut? |
| Ability — future II | menjırallıq tülmüme?aren't I going to be able to cut? | senjırallıq tülmüse?aren't you going to be able to cut? | oljırallıq tülmüdü?isn't he going to be able to cut? | bizjırallıq tülmübüz?aren't we going to be able to cut? | sizjırallıq tülmüsüz?aren't you all going to be able to cut? | alajırallıq tülmüdüle?aren't they going to be able to cut? |
| Ability — would be able to… | menjıralır edimjıralır emI would be able to cut | senjıralır ediŋjıralır eŋyou would be able to cut | oljıralır edijıralır edhe would be able to cut | bizjıralır edikjıralır ekwe would be able to cut | sizjıralır edigizjıralır egizyou all would be able to cut | alajıralır edilejıralır ellethey would be able to cut |
| Ability — would be able to… | menjıralmaz edimjıralmaz emI wouldn't be able to cut | senjıralmaz ediŋjıralmaz eŋyou wouldn't be able to cut | oljıralmaz edijıralmaz edhe wouldn't be able to cut | bizjıralmaz edikjıralmaz ekwe wouldn't be able to cut | sizjıralmaz edigizjıralmaz egizyou all wouldn't be able to cut | alajıralmaz edilejıralmaz ellethey wouldn't be able to cut |
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Ability — would be able to… | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senjıralğınjıralğımay you be able to cut | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | senjıralmağınjıralmağımay you not be able to cut | |||||
| Second-person optative — ability | ||||||
| Second-person optative — ability |
With another word
| Frame | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wanting and intending | ||||||
| want to | menjırırğa izleymeI want to cut | senjırırğa izleyseyou want to cut | oljırırğa izleydihe wants to cut | bizjırırğa izleybizwe want to cut | sizjırırğa izleysizyou all want to cut | alajırırğa izleydilethey want to cut |
| want to | menjırırğa izlemeymeI do not want to cut | senjırırğa izlemeyseyou do not want to cut | oljırırğa izlemeydihe does not want to cut | bizjırırğa izlemeybizwe do not want to cut | sizjırırğa izlemeysizyou all do not want to cut | alajırırğa izlemeydilethey do not want to cut |
| would like to | menjırırğa süemeI would like to cut | senjırırğa süeseyou would like to cut | oljırırğa süedihe would like to cut | bizjırırğa süebizwe would like to cut | sizjırırğa süesizyou all would like to cut | alajırırğa süedilethey would like to cut |
| would like to | menjırırğa süymeymeI would not like to cut | senjırırğa süymeyseyou would not like to cut | oljırırğa süymeydihe would not like to cut | bizjırırğa süymeybizwe would not like to cut | sizjırırğa süymeysizyou all would not like to cut | alajırırğa süymeydilethey would not like to cut |
| hope to | menjırırğa umutlanamaI hope to cut | senjırırğa umutlanasayou hope to cut | oljırırğa umutlanadıhe hopes to cut | bizjırırğa umutlanabızwe hope to cut | sizjırırğa umutlanasızyou all hope to cut | alajırırğa umutlanadılathey hope to cut |
| hope to | menjırırğa umutlanmaymaI do not hope to cut | senjırırğa umutlanmaysayou do not hope to cut | oljırırğa umutlanmaydıhe does not hope to cut | bizjırırğa umutlanmaybızwe do not hope to cut | sizjırırğa umutlanmaysızyou all do not hope to cut | alajırırğa umutlanmaydılathey do not hope to cut |
| be about to | menjırırğa deb turamaI am about to cut | senjırırğa deb turasayou are about to cut | oljırırğa deb turadıhe is about to cut | bizjırırğa deb turabızwe are about to cut | sizjırırğa deb turasızyou all are about to cut | alajırırğa deb turadılathey are about to cut |
| be about to | menjırırğa deb turmaymaI am not about to cut | senjırırğa deb turmaysayou are not about to cut | oljırırğa deb turmaydıhe is not about to cut | bizjırırğa deb turmaybızwe are not about to cut | sizjırırğa deb turmaysızyou all are not about to cut | alajırırğa deb turmaydılathey are not about to cut |
| Need and obligation | ||||||
| need to | menjırırğa kerekmeI need to cut | senjırırğa kerekseyou need to cut | oljırırğa kerekdihe needs to cut | bizjırırğa kerekbizwe need to cut | sizjırırğa kereksizyou all need to cut | alajırırğa kerekdilethey need to cut |
| need to | menjırırğa kerek tülmeI do not need to cut | senjırırğa kerek tülseyou do not need to cut | oljırırğa kerek tüldühe does not need to cut | bizjırırğa kerek tülbüzwe do not need to cut | sizjırırğa kerek tülsüzyou all do not need to cut | alajırırğa kerek tüldülethey do not need to cut |
| have to | menmenŋe jırırğa tüşediI have to cut | sensenŋe jırırğa tüşediyou have to cut | olaŋa jırırğa tüşedihe has to cut | bizbizge jırırğa tüşediwe have to cut | sizsizge jırırğa tüşediyou all have to cut | alaalağa jırırğa tüşedithey have to cut |
| have to | menmenŋe jırırğa tüşmeydiI do not have to cut | sensenŋe jırırğa tüşmeydiyou do not have to cut | olaŋa jırırğa tüşmeydihe does not have to cut | bizbizge jırırğa tüşmeydiwe do not have to cut | sizsizge jırırğa tüşmeydiyou all do not have to cut | alaalağa jırırğa tüşmeydithey do not have to cut |
| be obliged to | menjırırğa borçlumaI am obliged to cut | senjırırğa borçlusayou are obliged to cut | oljırırğa borçluduhe is obliged to cut | bizjırırğa borçlubuzwe are obliged to cut | sizjırırğa borçlusuzyou all are obliged to cut | alajırırğa borçludulathey are obliged to cut |
| be obliged to | menjırırğa borçlu tülmeI am not obliged to cut | senjırırğa borçlu tülseyou are not obliged to cut | oljırırğa borçlu tüldühe is not obliged to cut | bizjırırğa borçlu tülbüzwe are not obliged to cut | sizjırırğa borçlu tülsüzyou all are not obliged to cut | alajırırğa borçlu tüldülethey are not obliged to cut |
| Possibility and permission | ||||||
| have a way to | menjırırğa madarım bardıI have a way to cut | senjırırğa madarıŋ bardıyou have a way to cut | oljırırğa madarı bardıhe has a way to cut | bizjırırğa madarıbız bardıwe have a way to cut | sizjırırğa madarığız bardıyou all have a way to cut | alajırırğa madarları bardıthey have a way to cut |
| have a way to | menjırırğa madarım joqduI have no way to cut | senjırırğa madarıŋ joqduyou have no way to cut | oljırırğa madarı joqduhe has no way to cut | bizjırırğa madarıbız joqduwe have no way to cut | sizjırırğa madarığız joqduyou all have no way to cut | alajırırğa madarları joqduthey have no way to cut |
| be free to | menjırırğa erkinligim bardıI am free to cut | senjırırğa erkinligiŋ bardıyou are free to cut | oljırırğa erkinligi bardıhe is free to cut | bizjırırğa erkinligibiz bardıwe are free to cut | sizjırırğa erkinligigiz bardıyou all are free to cut | alajırırğa erkinlikleri bardıthey are free to cut |
| be free to | menjırırğa erkinligim joqduI am not free to cut | senjırırğa erkinligiŋ joqduyou are not free to cut | oljırırğa erkinligi joqduhe is not free to cut | bizjırırğa erkinligibiz joqduwe are not free to cut | sizjırırğa erkinligigiz joqduyou all are not free to cut | alajırırğa erkinlikleri joqduthey are not free to cut |
| be possible to | menmenŋe jırırğa bolluqduit is possible for me to cut | sensenŋe jırırğa bolluqduit is possible for you to cut | olaŋa jırırğa bolluqduit is possible for him to cut | bizbizge jırırğa bolluqduit is possible for us to cut | sizsizge jırırğa bolluqduit is possible for you all to cut | alaalağa jırırğa bolluqduit is possible for them to cut |
| be possible to | menmenŋe jırırğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for me to cut | sensenŋe jırırğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you to cut | olaŋa jırırğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for him to cut | bizbizge jırırğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for us to cut | sizsizge jırırğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for you all to cut | alaalağa jırırğa bolluq tüldüit is not possible for them to cut |
| be ready to | menjırırğa hazırmaI am ready to cut | senjırırğa hazırsayou are ready to cut | oljırırğa hazırdıhe is ready to cut | bizjırırğa hazırbızwe are ready to cut | sizjırırğa hazırsızyou all are ready to cut | alajırırğa hazırdılathey are ready to cut |
| be ready to | menjırırğa hazır tülmeI am not ready to cut | senjırırğa hazır tülseyou are not ready to cut | oljırırğa hazır tüldühe is not ready to cut | bizjırırğa hazır tülbüzwe are not ready to cut | sizjırırğa hazır tülsüzyou all are not ready to cut | alajırırğa hazır tüldülethey are not ready to cut |
| Trying, agreeing, hurrying, fearing | ||||||
| try to | menjırırğa küreşemeI am trying to cut | senjırırğa küreşeseyou are trying to cut | oljırırğa küreşedihe is trying to cut | bizjırırğa küreşebizwe are trying to cut | sizjırırğa küreşesizyou all are trying to cut | alajırırğa küreşedilethey are trying to cut |
| try to | menjırırğa küreşmeymeI am not trying to cut | senjırırğa küreşmeyseyou are not trying to cut | oljırırğa küreşmeydihe is not trying to cut | bizjırırğa küreşmeybizwe are not trying to cut | sizjırırğa küreşmeysizyou all are not trying to cut | alajırırğa küreşmeydilethey are not trying to cut |
| agree to | menjırırğa unaymaI agree to cut | senjırırğa unaysayou agree to cut | oljırırğa unaydıhe agrees to cut | bizjırırğa unaybızwe agree to cut | sizjırırğa unaysızyou all agree to cut | alajırırğa unaydılathey agree to cut |
| agree to | menjırırğa unamaymaI refuse to cut | senjırırğa unamaysayou refuse to cut | oljırırğa unamaydıhe refuses to cut | bizjırırğa unamaybızwe refuse to cut | sizjırırğa unamaysızyou all refuse to cut | alajırırğa unamaydılathey refuse to cut |
| hurry to | menjırırğa aşığamaI am in a hurry to cut | senjırırğa aşığasayou are in a hurry to cut | oljırırğa aşığadıhe is in a hurry to cut | bizjırırğa aşığabızwe are in a hurry to cut | sizjırırğa aşığasızyou all are in a hurry to cut | alajırırğa aşığadılathey are in a hurry to cut |
| hurry to | menjırırğa aşıqmaymaI am in no hurry to cut | senjırırğa aşıqmaysayou are in no hurry to cut | oljırırğa aşıqmaydıhe is in no hurry to cut | bizjırırğa aşıqmaybızwe are in no hurry to cut | sizjırırğa aşıqmaysızyou all are in no hurry to cut | alajırırğa aşıqmaydılathey are in no hurry to cut |
| be afraid to | menjırırğa qorqamaI am afraid to cut | senjırırğa qorqasayou are afraid to cut | oljırırğa qorqadıhe is afraid to cut | bizjırırğa qorqabızwe are afraid to cut | sizjırırğa qorqasızyou all are afraid to cut | alajırırğa qorqadılathey are afraid to cut |
| be afraid to | menjırırğa qorqmaymaI am not afraid to cut | senjırırğa qorqmaysayou are not afraid to cut | oljırırğa qorqmaydıhe is not afraid to cut | bizjırırğa qorqmaybızwe are not afraid to cut | sizjırırğa qorqmaysızyou all are not afraid to cut | alajırırğa qorqmaydılathey are not afraid to cut |
Emphatic and rare forms
| Form | menI | senyou | olhe/she/it | bizwe | sizyou all | alathey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inference, present — auxiliary negated | menjıra bolmazmaI can't be cutting | senjıra bolmazsayou can't be cutting | oljıra bolmazhe can't be cutting | bizjıra bolmazbızwe can't be cutting | sizjıra bolmazsızyou all can't be cutting | alajıra bolmazlathey can't be cutting |
| Inference, present — double negation | menjırmay bolmazmaI must be cutting (emphatic) | senjırmay bolmazsayou must be cutting (emphatic) | oljırmay bolmazhe must be cutting (emphatic) | bizjırmay bolmazbızwe must be cutting (emphatic) | sizjırmay bolmazsızyou all must be cutting (emphatic) | alajırmay bolmazlathey must be cutting (emphatic) |
| Progressive conditional — auxiliary negated | menjıra turmasamif I don't keep cutting | senjıra turmasaŋif you don't keep cutting | oljıra turmasaif he doesn't keep cutting | bizjıra turmasaqif we don't keep cutting | sizjıra turmasağızif you all don't keep cutting | alajıra turmasalaif they don't keep cutting |
| Inference, progressive — auxiliary negated | menjıra tura bolmazmaI can't be in the middle of cutting | senjıra tura bolmazsayou can't be in the middle of cutting | oljıra tura bolmazhe can't be in the middle of cutting | bizjıra tura bolmazbızwe can't be in the middle of cutting | sizjıra tura bolmazsızyou all can't be in the middle of cutting | alajıra tura bolmazlathey can't be in the middle of cutting |
| Inference, progressive — double negation | menjırmay tura bolmazmaI must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | senjırmay tura bolmazsayou must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | oljırmay tura bolmazhe must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | bizjırmay tura bolmazbızwe must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | sizjırmay tura bolmazsızyou all must keep on not cutting (emphatic) | alajırmay tura bolmazlathey must keep on not cutting (emphatic) |
| Progressive — verb negated | menjırmay turamaI keep on not cutting | senjırmay turasayou keep on not cutting | oljırmay turadıhe keeps on not cutting | bizjırmay turabızwe keep on not cutting | sizjırmay turasızyou all keep on not cutting | alajırmay turadılathey keep on not cutting |
| Progressive — double negation | menjırmay turmaymaI am not keeping on not cutting | senjırmay turmaysayou are not keeping on not cutting | oljırmay turmaydıhe is not keeping on not cutting | bizjırmay turmaybızwe are not keeping on not cutting | sizjırmay turmaysızyou all are not keeping on not cutting | alajırmay turmaydılathey are not keeping on not cutting |
| Progressive — double negation | menjırmay turmaymımaaren't I keeping on not cutting? | senjırmay turmaymısaaren't you keeping on not cutting? | oljırmay turmaymıdıisn't he keeping on not cutting? | bizjırmay turmaymıbızaren't we keeping on not cutting? | sizjırmay turmaymısızaren't you all keeping on not cutting? | alajırmay turmaymıdılaaren't they keeping on not cutting? |
| Inference — auxiliary negated | menjırğan bolmazmaI can't have cut | senjırğan bolmazsayou can't have cut | oljırğan bolmazhe can't have cut | bizjırğan bolmazbızwe can't have cut | sizjırğan bolmazsızyou all can't have cut | alajırğan bolmazlathey can't have cut |
| Inference — double negation | menjırmağan bolmazmaI must have cut (emphatic) | senjırmağan bolmazsayou must have cut (emphatic) | oljırmağan bolmazhe must have cut (emphatic) | bizjırmağan bolmazbızwe must have cut (emphatic) | sizjırmağan bolmazsızyou all must have cut (emphatic) | alajırmağan bolmazlathey must have cut (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual — auxiliary negated | menjırğan bolmasamif it weren't that I had cut | senjırğan bolmasaŋif it weren't that you had cut | oljırğan bolmasaif it weren't that he had cut | bizjırğan bolmasaqif it weren't that we had cut | sizjırğan bolmasağızif it weren't that you all had cut | alajırğan bolmasalaif it weren't that they had cut |
| Counterfactual — double negation | menjırmağan bolmasamif it weren't that I hadn't cut | senjırmağan bolmasaŋif it weren't that you hadn't cut | oljırmağan bolmasaif it weren't that he hadn't cut | bizjırmağan bolmasaqif it weren't that we hadn't cut | sizjırmağan bolmasağızif it weren't that you all hadn't cut | alajırmağan bolmasalaif it weren't that they hadn't cut |
| Inference, future — auxiliary negated | menjırlıq bolmazmaI can't be going to cut | senjırlıq bolmazsayou can't be going to cut | oljırlıq bolmazhe can't be going to cut | bizjırlıq bolmazbızwe can't be going to cut | sizjırlıq bolmazsızyou all can't be going to cut | alajırlıq bolmazlathey can't be going to cut |
| Inference, future — double negation | menjırmazlıq bolmazmaI must be going to cut (emphatic) | senjırmazlıq bolmazsayou must be going to cut (emphatic) | oljırmazlıq bolmazhe must be going to cut (emphatic) | bizjırmazlıq bolmazbızwe must be going to cut (emphatic) | sizjırmazlıq bolmazsızyou all must be going to cut (emphatic) | alajırmazlıq bolmazlathey must be going to cut (emphatic) |
| Counterfactual future — auxiliary negated | menjırlıq bolmasamif it weren't that I were going to cut | senjırlıq bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were going to cut | oljırlıq bolmasaif it weren't that he were going to cut | bizjırlıq bolmasaqif it weren't that we were going to cut | sizjırlıq bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were going to cut | alajırlıq bolmasalaif it weren't that they were going to cut |
| Counterfactual future — double negation | menjırmazlıq bolmasamif it weren't that I were not going to cut | senjırmazlıq bolmasaŋif it weren't that you were not going to cut | oljırmazlıq bolmasaif it weren't that he were not going to cut | bizjırmazlıq bolmasaqif it weren't that we were not going to cut | sizjırmazlıq bolmasağızif it weren't that you all were not going to cut | alajırmazlıq bolmasalaif it weren't that they were not going to cut |