gammeş
/ɡammeʃ/ · plural gammeşle
Balkar spelling: gemmeş
buffalo, water buffalo, domestic buffalo
- gammeş iynek — a buffalo cow
- gammeş buğa — a buffalo bull
- gammeş sürüw — a herd of buffalo
- gammeşni sütü — buffalo milk
- gammeşleni küt — graze the buffaloes
- gammeş içedi çerekni suwundan — a buffalo drinks the water of the river
- gammeş kibik — like a buffalo cow (said rudely of a big, heavy woman)
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gammeşthe buffalo | gammeşimmy buffalo | gammeşiŋyour buffalo | gammeşihis buffalo | gammeşibizour buffalo | gammeşigizyou all's buffalo | gammeşleritheir buffaloes |
| Genitive | gammeşnithe buffalo's | gammeşimimy buffalo's | gammeşiŋiyour buffalo's | gammeşinihis buffalo's | gammeşibizniour buffalo's | gammeşigizniyou all's buffalo's | gammeşlerinitheir buffaloes' |
| Accusative | gammeşnithe buffalo (as the object) | gammeşimimy buffalo (as the object) | gammeşiŋiyour buffalo (as the object) | gammeşinhis buffalo (as the object) | gammeşibizniour buffalo (as the object) | gammeşigizniyou all's buffalo (as the object) | gammeşlerintheir buffaloes (as the object) |
| Dative | gammeşgeto the buffalo | gammeşimeto my buffalo | gammeşiŋeto your buffalo | gammeşineto his buffalo | gammeşibizgeto our buffalo | gammeşigizgeto you all's buffalo | gammeşlerineto their buffaloes |
| Locative | gammeşdein / at the buffalo | gammeşimdein / at my buffalo | gammeşiŋdein / at your buffalo | gammeşindein / at his buffalo | gammeşibizdein / at our buffalo | gammeşigizdein / at you all's buffalo | gammeşlerindein / at their buffaloes |
| Ablative | gammeşdenfrom the buffalo | gammeşimdenfrom my buffalo | gammeşiŋdenfrom your buffalo | gammeşindenfrom his buffalo | gammeşibizdenfrom our buffalo | gammeşigizdenfrom you all's buffalo | gammeşlerindenfrom their buffaloes |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gammeşlethe buffaloes | gammeşlerimmy buffaloes | gammeşleriŋyour buffaloes | gammeşlerihis buffaloes | gammeşleribizour buffaloes | gammeşlerigizyou all's buffaloes | gammeşleritheir buffaloes |
| Genitive | gammeşlenithe buffaloes' | gammeşlerimimy buffaloes' | gammeşleriŋiyour buffaloes' | gammeşlerinihis buffaloes' | gammeşleribizniour buffaloes' | gammeşlerigizniyou all's buffaloes' | gammeşlerinitheir buffaloes' |
| Accusative | gammeşlenithe buffaloes (as the object) | gammeşlerimimy buffaloes (as the object) | gammeşleriŋiyour buffaloes (as the object) | gammeşlerinhis buffaloes (as the object) | gammeşleribizniour buffaloes (as the object) | gammeşlerigizniyou all's buffaloes (as the object) | gammeşlerintheir buffaloes (as the object) |
| Dative | gammeşlegeto the buffaloes | gammeşlerimeto my buffaloes | gammeşleriŋeto your buffaloes | gammeşlerineto his buffaloes | gammeşleribizgeto our buffaloes | gammeşlerigizgeto you all's buffaloes | gammeşlerineto their buffaloes |
| Locative | gammeşledein / at the buffaloes | gammeşlerimdein / at my buffaloes | gammeşleriŋdein / at your buffaloes | gammeşlerindein / at his buffaloes | gammeşleribizdein / at our buffaloes | gammeşlerigizdein / at you all's buffaloes | gammeşlerindein / at their buffaloes |
| Ablative | gammeşledenfrom the buffaloes | gammeşlerimdenfrom my buffaloes | gammeşleriŋdenfrom your buffaloes | gammeşlerindenfrom his buffaloes | gammeşleribizdenfrom our buffaloes | gammeşlerigizdenfrom you all's buffaloes | gammeşlerindenfrom their buffaloes |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: gammeşleri can mean "his / her buffaloes", "their buffalo", or "their buffaloes" — context decides.
Whose it is
| Case | one thing, one owner | several things, one owner | one thing, several owners | several things, several owners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gammeşnikithe buffalo's one | gammeşnikilethe buffalo's ones | gammeşlenikithe buffaloes' one | gammeşlenikilethe buffaloes' ones |
| Genitive | gammeşnikiniof the buffalo's one | gammeşnikileniof the buffalo's ones | gammeşlenikiniof the buffaloes' one | gammeşlenikileniof the buffaloes' ones |
| Accusative | gammeşnikinthe buffalo's one (as the object) | gammeşnikilenithe buffalo's ones (as the object) | gammeşlenikinthe buffaloes' one (as the object) | gammeşlenikilenithe buffaloes' ones (as the object) |
| Dative | gammeşnikineto the buffalo's one | gammeşnikilegeto the buffalo's ones | gammeşlenikineto the buffaloes' one | gammeşlenikilegeto the buffaloes' ones |
| Locative | gammeşnikindein / at the buffalo's one | gammeşnikiledein / at the buffalo's ones | gammeşlenikindein / at the buffaloes' one | gammeşlenikiledein / at the buffaloes' ones |
| Ablative | gammeşnikindenfrom the buffalo's one | gammeşnikiledenfrom the buffalo's ones | gammeşlenikindenfrom the buffaloes' one | gammeşlenikiledenfrom the buffaloes' ones |
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.