aram
/aram/ · plural aramla
1. witness — In old oath formulas the witness named is often a tree standing between the two parties.
- ortabızda emen terek aramdı — the oak between us is our witness
- arabızda çınar terek aramdı — the plane tree between us is our witness
- arabızda jaŋız çınar aramdı — the lone plane tree between us is our witness
2. without looking back, headlong, without a second thought — Occurs only in the fixed phrase aram-qaram etmey.
- aram-qaram etmey alğa baradı — he goes forward without looking back
- jaş aram-qaram etmey kirdi — the young man went in without a second thought
- aram-qaram etmegen jigit — a daring young man who never looks back
- aram-qaram da etmey — without even looking back
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | aramthe witness | aramımmy witness | aramıŋyour witness | aramıhis witness | aramıbızour witness | aramığızyou all's witness | aramlarıtheir witnesses |
| Genitive | aramnıthe witness' | aramımımy witness' | aramıŋıyour witness' | aramınıhis witness' | aramıbıznıour witness' | aramığıznıyou all's witness' | aramlarınıtheir witnesses' |
| Accusative | aramnıthe witness (as the object) | aramımımy witness (as the object) | aramıŋıyour witness (as the object) | aramınhis witness (as the object) | aramıbıznıour witness (as the object) | aramığıznıyou all's witness (as the object) | aramlarıntheir witnesses (as the object) |
| Dative | aramğato the witness | aramımato my witness | aramıŋato your witness | aramınato his witness | aramıbızğato our witness | aramığızğato you all's witness | aramlarınato their witnesses |
| Locative | aramdain / at the witness | aramımdain / at my witness | aramıŋdain / at your witness | aramındain / at his witness | aramıbızdain / at our witness | aramığızdain / at you all's witness | aramlarındain / at their witnesses |
| Ablative | aramdanfrom the witness | aramımdanfrom my witness | aramıŋdanfrom your witness | aramındanfrom his witness | aramıbızdanfrom our witness | aramığızdanfrom you all's witness | aramlarındanfrom their witnesses |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | aramlathe witnesses | aramlarımmy witnesses | aramlarıŋyour witnesses | aramlarıhis witnesses | aramlarıbızour witnesses | aramlarığızyou all's witnesses | aramlarıtheir witnesses |
| Genitive | aramlanıthe witnesses' | aramlarımımy witnesses' | aramlarıŋıyour witnesses' | aramlarınıhis witnesses' | aramlarıbıznıour witnesses' | aramlarığıznıyou all's witnesses' | aramlarınıtheir witnesses' |
| Accusative | aramlanıthe witnesses (as the object) | aramlarımımy witnesses (as the object) | aramlarıŋıyour witnesses (as the object) | aramlarınhis witnesses (as the object) | aramlarıbıznıour witnesses (as the object) | aramlarığıznıyou all's witnesses (as the object) | aramlarıntheir witnesses (as the object) |
| Dative | aramlağato the witnesses | aramlarımato my witnesses | aramlarıŋato your witnesses | aramlarınato his witnesses | aramlarıbızğato our witnesses | aramlarığızğato you all's witnesses | aramlarınato their witnesses |
| Locative | aramladain / at the witnesses | aramlarımdain / at my witnesses | aramlarıŋdain / at your witnesses | aramlarındain / at his witnesses | aramlarıbızdain / at our witnesses | aramlarığızdain / at you all's witnesses | aramlarındain / at their witnesses |
| Ablative | aramladanfrom the witnesses | aramlarımdanfrom my witnesses | aramlarıŋdanfrom your witnesses | aramlarındanfrom his witnesses | aramlarıbızdanfrom our witnesses | aramlarığızdanfrom you all's witnesses | aramlarındanfrom their witnesses |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: aramları can mean "his / her witnesses", "their witness", or "their witnesses" — context decides.
Whose it is
| Case | one thing, one owner | several things, one owner | one thing, several owners | several things, several owners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | aramnıqıthe witness' one | aramnıqılathe witness' ones | aramlanıqıthe witnesses' one | aramlanıqılathe witnesses' ones |
| Genitive | aramnıqınıof the witness' one | aramnıqılanıof the witness' ones | aramlanıqınıof the witnesses' one | aramlanıqılanıof the witnesses' ones |
| Accusative | aramnıqınthe witness' one (as the object) | aramnıqılanıthe witness' ones (as the object) | aramlanıqınthe witnesses' one (as the object) | aramlanıqılanıthe witnesses' ones (as the object) |
| Dative | aramnıqınato the witness' one | aramnıqılağato the witness' ones | aramlanıqınato the witnesses' one | aramlanıqılağato the witnesses' ones |
| Locative | aramnıqındain / at the witness' one | aramnıqıladain / at the witness' ones | aramlanıqındain / at the witnesses' one | aramlanıqıladain / at the witnesses' ones |
| Ablative | aramnıqındanfrom the witness' one | aramnıqıladanfrom the witness' ones | aramlanıqındanfrom the witnesses' one | aramlanıqıladanfrom the witnesses' ones |
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.