şpala
/ʃpala/ · plural şpalala
railroad tie, railway sleeper: a wooden, steel or reinforced-concrete beam laid across a track to hold the rails
- qralğa şpalala bek kerek bolğandıla — the country badly needed railroad ties
- ağaç şpalala — wooden railroad ties
- temir jolnu şpalaları — the ties of the railroad
Cases and owners
Singular
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | şpalathe railway sleeper | şpalammy railway sleeper | şpalaŋyour railway sleeper | şpalasıhis railway sleeper | şpalabızour railway sleeper | şpalağızyou all's railway sleeper | şpalalarıtheir railway sleepers |
| Genitive | şpalanıthe railway sleeper's | şpalamımy railway sleeper's | şpalaŋıyour railway sleeper's | şpalasınıhis railway sleeper's | şpalabıznıour railway sleeper's | şpalağıznıyou all's railway sleeper's | şpalalarınıtheir railway sleepers' |
| Accusative | şpalanıthe railway sleeper (as the object) | şpalamımy railway sleeper (as the object) | şpalaŋıyour railway sleeper (as the object) | şpalasınhis railway sleeper (as the object) | şpalabıznıour railway sleeper (as the object) | şpalağıznıyou all's railway sleeper (as the object) | şpalalarıntheir railway sleepers (as the object) |
| Dative | şpalağato the railway sleeper | şpalamato my railway sleeper | şpalaŋato your railway sleeper | şpalasınato his railway sleeper | şpalabızğato our railway sleeper | şpalağızğato you all's railway sleeper | şpalalarınato their railway sleepers |
| Locative | şpaladain / at the railway sleeper | şpalamdain / at my railway sleeper | şpalaŋdain / at your railway sleeper | şpalasındain / at his railway sleeper | şpalabızdain / at our railway sleeper | şpalağızdain / at you all's railway sleeper | şpalalarındain / at their railway sleepers |
| Ablative | şpaladanfrom the railway sleeper | şpalamdanfrom my railway sleeper | şpalaŋdanfrom your railway sleeper | şpalasındanfrom his railway sleeper | şpalabızdanfrom our railway sleeper | şpalağızdanfrom you all's railway sleeper | şpalalarındanfrom their railway sleepers |
Plural
| Case | —plain | menimy | seniyour | anıhis / her | bizniour | sizniyou all's | alanıtheir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | şpalalathe railway sleepers | şpalalarımmy railway sleepers | şpalalarıŋyour railway sleepers | şpalalarıhis railway sleepers | şpalalarıbızour railway sleepers | şpalalarığızyou all's railway sleepers | şpalalarıtheir railway sleepers |
| Genitive | şpalalanıthe railway sleepers' | şpalalarımımy railway sleepers' | şpalalarıŋıyour railway sleepers' | şpalalarınıhis railway sleepers' | şpalalarıbıznıour railway sleepers' | şpalalarığıznıyou all's railway sleepers' | şpalalarınıtheir railway sleepers' |
| Accusative | şpalalanıthe railway sleepers (as the object) | şpalalarımımy railway sleepers (as the object) | şpalalarıŋıyour railway sleepers (as the object) | şpalalarınhis railway sleepers (as the object) | şpalalarıbıznıour railway sleepers (as the object) | şpalalarığıznıyou all's railway sleepers (as the object) | şpalalarıntheir railway sleepers (as the object) |
| Dative | şpalalağato the railway sleepers | şpalalarımato my railway sleepers | şpalalarıŋato your railway sleepers | şpalalarınato his railway sleepers | şpalalarıbızğato our railway sleepers | şpalalarığızğato you all's railway sleepers | şpalalarınato their railway sleepers |
| Locative | şpalaladain / at the railway sleepers | şpalalarımdain / at my railway sleepers | şpalalarıŋdain / at your railway sleepers | şpalalarındain / at his railway sleepers | şpalalarıbızdain / at our railway sleepers | şpalalarığızdain / at you all's railway sleepers | şpalalarındain / at their railway sleepers |
| Ablative | şpalaladanfrom the railway sleepers | şpalalarımdanfrom my railway sleepers | şpalalarıŋdanfrom your railway sleepers | şpalalarındanfrom his railway sleepers | şpalalarıbızdanfrom our railway sleepers | şpalalarığızdanfrom you all's railway sleepers | şpalalarındanfrom their railway sleepers |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: şpalaları can mean "his / her railway sleepers", "their railway sleeper", or "their railway sleepers" — context decides.
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.