qalam
/ qalam /
Definitions noun pen, penholder
Definitions noun writing instrument
Definitions noun pencil
Cases
| Singular | Plural | When to use it | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | qalam the pen | qalamla the pens | the plain dictionary form — the doer of the sentence |
| genitive | qalamnı the pen's | qalamlanı the pens' | the owner — whose it is |
| accusative | qalamnı the pen (as the object) | qalamlanı the pens (as the object) | a specific, known object — whom or what |
| dative | qalamğa to the pen | qalamlağa to the pens | direction or recipient — to where, to whom |
| locative | qalamda at / in the pen | qalamlada at / in the pens | where it is; also having — mende bar, "I have it" |
| ablative | qalamdan from the pen | qalamladan from the pens | where it comes from; also "than" when comparing |
The endings are the same ones the pronouns wear — that page explains when each case is used.
With an owner
| One owned | Several owned | |
|---|---|---|
| my | qalamım my pen | qalamlarım my pens |
| your | qalamıŋ your pen | qalamlarıŋ your pens |
| his / her | qalamı his / her pen | qalamları his / her pens |
| our | qalamıbız our pen | qalamlarıbız our pens |
| you all's | qalamığız you all's pen | qalamlarığız you all's pens |
| their | qalamları their pen | qalamları their pens |
The overlap in the last rows is real, not a mistake: qalamları can mean "his / her pens", "their pen", or "their pens" — context decides.